term with similar effect) 代位(英语:Substitution (logic)) 不利的推斷(英语:Adverseinference) 類推適用(彌補法律沒有明文規定的或則漏未規定之處,另擇其它類似事項的法律規定,以為適用,亦稱類推解釋;比附援引(舊例)) 目的性限縮(teleologische
D. Scargle, Publication Bias: The "File-Drawer Problem" in Scientific Inference (PDF), Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2000, 14 (2): 94–106 [2014-09-12]
consequentiam; Appeal to consequences 根據一命題導致的後果決定它是真是假。 訴諸不良後果 Appeal to adverse consequences 由於一命題會導致不欲的後果,因此不相信它是真的。 訴諸武力、訴諸恐嚇或恐嚇論據 Argumentum ad baculum;
proper standard for determining whether a plaintiff has alleged a "strong inference" of scienter under the PSLRA 摩士诉弗雷德里克案 551(英语:List of United States Supreme