Heinz Dieterich: Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts – Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus, Einleitung Socialism of the 21st Century – Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction.
Smilde, David. Crime and Revolution in Venezuela. NACLA Report on the Americas (NACLA). 14 September 2017, 49 (3): 303–308. ISSN 1071-4839. S2CID 158528940. doi:10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956. Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.
Munck, Ronaldo. Contemporary Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 119. In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...].
Iber, Patrick. The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America. Dissent. Spring 2016 [20 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-17）. Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism.
Lopes, Arthur. ¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye. Harvard International Review. Spring 2016, 37 (3): 12–14. JSTOR i26445824. South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. [...] This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.
De Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta; Lopes, Dawisson Belém. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). January–April 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. ISSN 1982-0240. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001. The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible [...].
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