1991年伊拉克起義

1991年伊拉克起義是由伊拉克什叶派和库尔德人发动的反抗萨达姆的民族和宗教起义，此次起义发生于1991年3月至4月。当时，伊拉克因两伊战争和第一次海湾战争受挫。最终伊拉克政府获得胜利，但库尔德人建立了自治区并促使联军在伊拉克设置了禁飞区。^[10]

1991 Iraqi uprisings
the aftermath of the Gulf War的一部分
An Iraqi government tank disabled by rebels
日期 1 March – 5 April 1991 地点 Iraq 结果 Indecisive Government victory against Shias Iraqi military victory against Kurds[3] Major Kurdish political victory in the north and minor military victory [4][a] Mass reprisals against the population and the exodus of 1.8 million refugees from the country Continued conflict in the rural south until 1994 Accelerated destruction of the Tigris-Euphrates marshes by Iraqi government 领土变更 Establishment of the Kurdistan Autonomous Republic, as well as the Iraqi no-fly zones
参战方
Government Ba'ath Party Iraqi Army Republican Guard Special Republican Guard (Iraq) Popular Army General Security Intelligence Service Special Security	Shia and leftist opposition: SCIRI/Badr Brigades Dawa Communist Party Pro-Syrian Ba'athists Army and militia deserters / defectors Kurdish rebels: Peshmerga: KDP PUK Kurdish mujahideen CPK PDKI
Support: MEK	Support:  美国[1]  伊朗[2]  叙利亚
指挥官与领导者
Saddam Hussein (Commander-in-Chief) Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Hussein Kamel Ali Hassan al-Majid Taha Yasin Tariq Aziz Qusay Hussein	Mohammad Baqir (Commander-in-Chief) Abdul Aziz al-Hakim Hadi al-Amiri Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi Massoud Barzani Jalal Talabani
兵力
约300,000[5]	约59,000–107,000 SCIRI: 约40,000–50,000[5] KDP: 约15,000–45,000[5] PUK: 约4,000–12,000[5]
伤亡与损失
约5,000 killed or captured[6]	约25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians)[7][8][9]

注释

1. 庫德人的起義被伊拉克鎮壓，但庫德人保留了一些土地並享有一定程度的自治權。^[3]

参考资料

1. Colgan, Jeff D. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9. （原始内容存档于2023-11-10） （英语）.
2. Terrill, W. Andrew. The United States and Iraq's Shi'ite Clergy: Partners Or Adversaries?. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09） （英语）.
3. Rafaat, Aram. Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge. 2018-05-11 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09） （英语）. Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory
4. Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.
5. Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502
6. ENDLESS TORMENT: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始内容存档于October 10, 2019）.
7. 2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed. LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 9, 2012）.
8. 'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising. The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于December 28, 2016）.
9. ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于June 15, 2010）.
10. Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.