标量 (数学)Lay, David C. Linear Algebra and Its Applications 3rd. Addison–Wesley. 2006. ISBN 0-321-28713-4. Strang, Gilbert. Linear Algebra and Its Applications
行向量與列向量Axler, Sheldon Jay, Linear Algebra Done Right 2nd, Springer-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 0-387-98259-0 Lay, David C., Linear Algebra and Its Applications 3rd, Addison
代数结构数学结构 结构 (数理逻辑) 自由對象 P.M. Cohn. (1981) Universal Algebra, Springer, p. 41. (英文)Jipsen's algebra structures.(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Includes many structures