阿尔弗德抗辩

阿爾弗德抗辯（英語：Alford Plea），也稱“阿爾福德認罪（Alford Guilty Plea）”^[1]^[2]^[3]和“阿爾福德原則（Alford Doctrine）”^[4]^[5]^[6]，而在西維吉尼亞州亦稱為“肯尼迪抗辯（Kennedy Plea）”^[7]，是指在美國法律中，被告在刑事法庭（英语：Criminal justice）上同意對其的認罪抗辯^[8]^[9]^[10]但卻並不承認自己的犯罪行為且聲稱無罪（英语：Innocence）^[11]^[12]^[13]。在提出阿爾弗德抗辯時，被告方承認控方所提出的證據可能會說服法官或陪審團在排除合理懷疑的情況下認定其有罪。^[4]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

阿爾弗德抗辯在幾乎所有美國聯邦和州法院都是法律允許的，但在印第安納州、密歇根州和新澤西州的州法院或美國武裝部隊的法院中是不允許的。

“阿爾福德認罪”這個法律術語源自美國最高法院1970年的“北卡羅萊納州訴阿爾福德案（英语：North Carolina v. Alford）”。^[10]^[12] 亨利·阿爾福德（Henry Alford）於1963年被指控犯有一級謀殺罪。案件中的證據包括證人的證詞，即阿爾福德在受害者死後說他殺了這個人。法庭證詞顯示，阿爾福德和受害人曾在受害人家中爭吵過。阿爾福德離開了房子後，受害者在聽到敲門聲後打開門時受到了致命的槍傷。^[18]

如果陪審團審判（英语：Jury trial）的結果是有罪，那麼亨利·阿爾福德將有可能面臨死刑的裁決。^[19] 死刑是當時北卡羅萊納州法律的默認判決，如果案件滿足兩個必要條件：被告必須不認罪且陪審團沒有建議判處無期徒刑。如果承認一級謀殺罪，阿爾福德就有可能被判無期徒刑並避免死刑，但他不想認罪。儘管如此，奧爾福德承認犯有二級謀殺罪（英语：Murder (United States law)），並表示他這樣做是為了避免被判死刑，因為如果他試圖對這項指控提出質疑則有可能被判一級謀殺罪。^[18]^[20] 在初審法官接受認罪協商並裁定被告的辯護律師已充分建議後，阿爾福德被判處30年監禁。^[18]

亨利·阿爾福德在初審裁決後提出上訴並要求重新審判，辯稱他因為害怕被判死刑而被迫認罪。北卡羅萊納州最高法院（英语：North Carolina Supreme Court）裁定，被告在知道後果的情況下自願認罪。在此裁決之後，阿爾福德向美國北卡羅萊納中區聯邦地區法院申請人身保護令，但該法院維持了最初的裁決；隨後他又向美國聯邦第四巡迴上訴法院申請了人身保護令，該法院裁定阿爾福德的認罪不是自願的，因為這是在害怕死刑的情況下提出的。^[18] “我只是認罪，因為他們說如果我不認罪，他們就會為我加刑”，阿爾福德在其中一份上訴狀中寫道。^[21]

選擇訴答（英语：Alternative pleading）
延期判決（英语：Deferred adjudication）
精神障礙辯護
美國允許阿爾福德抗辯的州（英语：List of U.S. states by Alford plea usage）
自然犯（英语：Malum in se）

法定犯（英语：Malum prohibitum）
不爭辯抗辯（英语：Nolo contendere）
絕對性抗辯（英语：Peremptory plea）
西孟菲斯三人組（英语：West Memphis Three）
邁克爾·彼得森（英语：Michael Peterson (criminal)）

[1]
Robert E. Shepherd Jr. Annual Survey of Virginia Law: Legal Issues Involving Children. 里奇蒙大學法學評論（英语：University of Richmond School of Law） (里奇蒙: 里奇蒙大學法學院（英语：University of Richmond School of Law）). 1999, 33 (3): 1001 [2021-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-27）（英语）.
[2]
The Montana Lawyer staff (编). Regular Features: Discipline Corner: Disbarment follows four years of disciplinary action against Kalispell lawyer. The Montana Lawyer (State Bar of Montana). 1998-02, 23: 3 （英语）.
[3]
C. Ronald Huff; Martin Killias. Wrongful Conviction: International Perspectives on Miscarriages of Justice. 天普大學出版社. 2008-07-28: 143, 289 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9781592136452 （英语）.
[4]
Kathleen Daly. Gender, Crime, and Punishment. 耶魯大學出版社. 1994-01-01: 20. ISBN 9780300068665 （英语）.
[5]
Norma Thompson. Unreasonable Doubt: Circumstantial Evidence and an Ordinary Murder in New Haven. 密蘇里大學出版社. 2006: 20 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9780826216380 （英语）.
[6]
Ira A. Neighbors; Anne Chambers; Ellen Levin; Cynthia Tutrone; Gila Nordman. Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work. Haworth Press. 2002: 18. ISBN 9780789015488 （英语）.
[7]
Kennedy v. Frazier. 公正網. [2021-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-27）（英语）. An accused may voluntarily, knowingly and understandingly consent to the imposition of a prison sentence even though he is unwilling to admit participation in the crime, if he intelligently concludes that his interests require a guilty plea and the record supports the conclusion that a jury could convict him.
[8]
John Scheb; John Scheb, II. Criminal Procedure 第5版. 聖智學習出版公司（英语：Cengage）. 2008: 148. ISBN 9780495503866 （英语）.
[9]
James F. Anderson; Nancie Mangels; Adam Langsam; Laronistine Dyson. Criminal Justice and Criminology: Concepts and Terms. 美國大學出版社（英语：University Press of America）. 2002: 148. ISBN 9780761822240 （英语）.
[10]
Susan Ellis Wild. Webster's New World Law Dictionary. 約翰威立. 2006-05-01: 21 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9780764542107 （英语）.
[11]
Stephanos Bibas. Harmonizing Substantive Criminal Law Values and Criminal Procedure: The Case of Alford and Nolo Contendere Pleas. Cornell Law Review. 2003, 88: 6 [2021-09-27]. doi:10.2139/ssrn.348681. （原始内容存档于2021-09-27）（英语）.
[12]
Dean J. Champion. Dictionary of American Criminal Justice: Key Terms and Major Supreme Court Cases. 勞特里奇. 1998: 7 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9781579580735 （英语）.
[13]
Thomas Gardner; Terry Anderson. Criminal Evidence: Principles and Cases 第7版. 聖智學習出版公司（英语：Cengage）. 2009: 50 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9780495599241 （英语）.
[14]
George Fisher. Plea Bargaining's Triumph: A History of Plea Bargaining in America. 斯坦福大學出版社. 2003: 319 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9780804751353 （英语）.
[15]
Michael J. Davidson. A Guide to Military Criminal Law. 美國海軍研究所. 1999: 56 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9781557501554 （英语）.
[16]
Walter John Raymond. Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms 第7版. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1992: 9 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9781556180088 （英语）.
[17]
Decker, Marla G., Stephen R. McCullough. "Criminal Law and Procedure." U. Rich. L. Rev. 41 (2006): 83.
[18]
Steve E. Walburn. Should the Military Adopt an Aford-Type Guilty Plea. The Air Force Law Review (美國空軍軍法署（英语：United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps）). 1998, 44: 119–169 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-28）（英语）.
[19]
Christopher Solgan. Life of Death: The Voluntariness of Guilty Pleas by Capital Defendants and the New York Perspective. New York Law School Journal of Human Rights (紐約法學院). 2000, 16: 699 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-28）（英语）.
[20]
Jay M. Feinman. Law One Hundred and One. 牛津大學出版社. 2006: 327 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9780195179576 （英语）.
[21]
Titan Barksdale. (Not) Guilty – Lawyer in case that led to Alford plea says he worried about later questions. 溫斯頓－塞勒姆日報（英语：Winston-Salem Journal）. 2007-03-28 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-20）（英语）.

Mike McConville. Plea Bargainings: Ethics and Politics. 法律與社會期刊（英语：Journal of Law and Society） (紐約市: 約翰威立). 1998-12, 25 (4): 562–587. OCLC 750962784. S2CID 146427753. doi:10.1111/1467-6478.00103 （英语）.
CJ Shipley. The Alford Plea: A Necessary But Unpredictable Tool for the Criminal Defendant. Iowa Law Review. 1986, 72: 1063. ISSN 0021-0552 （英语）.
Bryan H. Ward. A Plea Best Not Taken: Why Criminal Defendants Should Avoid the Alford Plea. Missouri Law Review. 2003, 68: 913. ISSN 0021-0552 （英语）.

常用法律名詞（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）在康涅狄格州司法部門網站上（英文）
9-16.000 - Pleas - Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）在美國司法部《司法指南（英语：Justice Manual）》上（英文）
Issue: Effect of Alford Plea of Guilty，存档于互联网档案馆（存檔日期 2009-12-04）（英文）
抗辯書樣本（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）

[1] [1]
Robert E. Shepherd Jr. Annual Survey of Virginia Law: Legal Issues Involving Children. 里奇蒙大學法學評論（英语：University of Richmond School of Law） (里奇蒙: 里奇蒙大學法學院（英语：University of Richmond School of Law）). 1999, 33 (3): 1001 [2021-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-27）（英语）.

[2] [2]
The Montana Lawyer staff (编). Regular Features: Discipline Corner: Disbarment follows four years of disciplinary action against Kalispell lawyer. The Montana Lawyer (State Bar of Montana). 1998-02, 23: 3 （英语）.

[3] [3]
C. Ronald Huff; Martin Killias. Wrongful Conviction: International Perspectives on Miscarriages of Justice. 天普大學出版社. 2008-07-28: 143, 289 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9781592136452 （英语）.

[Daly-4] [4]
Kathleen Daly. Gender, Crime, and Punishment. 耶魯大學出版社. 1994-01-01: 20. ISBN 9780300068665 （英语）.

[5] [5]
Norma Thompson. Unreasonable Doubt: Circumstantial Evidence and an Ordinary Murder in New Haven. 密蘇里大學出版社. 2006: 20 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9780826216380 （英语）.

[6] [6]
Ira A. Neighbors; Anne Chambers; Ellen Levin; Cynthia Tutrone; Gila Nordman. Social Work and the Law: Proceedings of the National Organization of Forensic Social Work. Haworth Press. 2002: 18. ISBN 9780789015488 （英语）.

[7] [7]
Kennedy v. Frazier. 公正網. [2021-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-27）（英语）. An accused may voluntarily, knowingly and understandingly consent to the imposition of a prison sentence even though he is unwilling to admit participation in the crime, if he intelligently concludes that his interests require a guilty plea and the record supports the conclusion that a jury could convict him.

[Scheb-8] [8]
John Scheb; John Scheb, II. Criminal Procedure 第5版. 聖智學習出版公司（英语：Cengage）. 2008: 148. ISBN 9780495503866 （英语）.

[Anderson-9] [9]
James F. Anderson; Nancie Mangels; Adam Langsam; Laronistine Dyson. Criminal Justice and Criminology: Concepts and Terms. 美國大學出版社（英语：University Press of America）. 2002: 148. ISBN 9780761822240 （英语）.

[Wild-10] [10]
Susan Ellis Wild. Webster's New World Law Dictionary. 約翰威立. 2006-05-01: 21 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9780764542107 （英语）.

[Bibas-11] [11]
Stephanos Bibas. Harmonizing Substantive Criminal Law Values and Criminal Procedure: The Case of Alford and Nolo Contendere Pleas. Cornell Law Review. 2003, 88: 6 [2021-09-27]. doi:10.2139/ssrn.348681. （原始内容存档于2021-09-27）（英语）.

[Champion-12] [12]
Dean J. Champion. Dictionary of American Criminal Justice: Key Terms and Major Supreme Court Cases. 勞特里奇. 1998: 7 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9781579580735 （英语）.

[Gardner-13] [13]
Thomas Gardner; Terry Anderson. Criminal Evidence: Principles and Cases 第7版. 聖智學習出版公司（英语：Cengage）. 2009: 50 [2021-09-27]. ISBN 9780495599241 （英语）.

[Fisher-14] [14]
George Fisher. Plea Bargaining's Triumph: A History of Plea Bargaining in America. 斯坦福大學出版社. 2003: 319 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9780804751353 （英语）.

[Davidson-15] [15]
Michael J. Davidson. A Guide to Military Criminal Law. 美國海軍研究所. 1999: 56 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9781557501554 （英语）.

[Raymond-16] [16]
Walter John Raymond. Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms 第7版. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1992: 9 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9781556180088 （英语）.

[Decker-17] [17]
Decker, Marla G., Stephen R. McCullough. "Criminal Law and Procedure." U. Rich. L. Rev. 41 (2006): 83.

[Walburn-18] [18]
Steve E. Walburn. Should the Military Adopt an Aford-Type Guilty Plea. The Air Force Law Review (美國空軍軍法署（英语：United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps）). 1998, 44: 119–169 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-28）（英语）.

[Solgan-19] [19]
Christopher Solgan. Life of Death: The Voluntariness of Guilty Pleas by Capital Defendants and the New York Perspective. New York Law School Journal of Human Rights (紐約法學院). 2000, 16: 699 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-28）（英语）.

[Feinman-20] [20]
Jay M. Feinman. Law One Hundred and One. 牛津大學出版社. 2006: 327 [2021-09-28]. ISBN 9780195179576 （英语）.

[Barksdale-21] [21]
Titan Barksdale. (Not) Guilty – Lawyer in case that led to Alford plea says he worried about later questions. 溫斯頓－塞勒姆日報（英语：Winston-Salem Journal）. 2007-03-28 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-20）（英语）.

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阿尔弗德抗辩

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阿尔弗德抗辩

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