鏈球菌(学名:Streptococcus)是一類球形的革蘭氏陽性細菌,屬於厚壁菌門的一個屬。這些細菌細胞分裂時總是沿一個軸,所以通常成對或者鏈狀的。因爲這些特徵,他們被稱作“鏈球菌”,區別於可以沿多個軸分裂而形成一团細胞的“葡萄球菌”(Staphylococcus)。鏈球菌屬包含了很多個種,其中多數是在人和动物表皮,呼吸道等处的共生菌(commensal flora),也有对人类有益的菌种如嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),但其中也有相当数量的致病菌种。
种类划分
一般以兰斯菲尔德分类法(Lancefield classification)和溶血类型划分。例如产脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)为兰斯菲尔德一型(Group A)并为β溶血类型(β-haemolytic)。
肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)没有兰斯菲尔德抗原,但是可以根据它是从呼吸道中提取,显微镜下为双球菌状(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈湿润状(有荚膜生成),中间有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因为有autolysin产生),以确定。
本属包括以下物种:[1]
- 少酸链球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922
- B型鏈球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896
- 非解乳糖链球菌 Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985
- 咽峡炎链球菌 Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938
- 南方链球菌 Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001
- 阿齐兹链球菌 Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017
- 奶牛乳腺炎链球菌 Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018
- 牛链球菌 Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919,为Streptococcus equinus Andrewes and Horder 1906的异名
- 驯马链球菌 Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008
- 鼠肠链球菌 Streptococcus caecimuris Afrizal et al. 2024[2],分离自老鼠的盲肠
- 加勒多尼亚链球菌 Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al., 2020
- 单峰驼链球菌 Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015
- 犬链球菌 Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗链球菌
- 山羊链球菌 Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016
- 羊链球菌 Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al., 1996,异名
- 海狸链球菌 Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005
- 豚鼠链球菌 Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017
- Streptococcus cecorum Devriese et al., 1983,异名
- 星座链球菌 Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974
- Streptococcus cremoris Orla-Jensen 1919,异名
- 大鼠链球菌 Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus
- 嵴链球菌 Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista
- 兔链球菌 Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014
- Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al., 2022
- 丹尼尔氏链球菌 Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013
- Streptococcus defectivus Bouvet et al., 1989,为Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的异名
- 野猪牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010
- 驴牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013
- 非洲象牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016
- 蝙蝠齿链球菌 Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008
- Streptococcus dentisani Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的异名
- 德夫里耶斯链球菌 Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004
- 负鼠链球菌 Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000
- Streptococcus difficilis Eldar et al., 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile
- 汗毛链球菌 Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988
- 唐氏链球菌 Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al., 2020
- Streptococcus durans (Collins et al., 1984) Knight et al., 1984,异名
- 停乳链球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
- 停乳链球菌停乳亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
- 停乳链球菌似马亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
- 内脏链球菌 Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002
- 马链球菌 Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888
- 马链球菌马亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
- 马链球菌兽瘟亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
- 马肠链球菌 Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906,异名
- Streptococcus faecium Orla-Jensen 1919,异名
- 野生链球菌 Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983
- Streptococcus fryi Tomida et al., 2021
- 鸡棚链球菌 Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002
- Streptococcus gallinarum Bridge and Sneath 1982,为Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984的异名
- 解没食子酸链球菌 Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996
- 解没食子酸链球菌解没食子酸亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型i。
- 解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii/2
- Streptococcus garvieae Collins et al. 1984,为Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的异名
- 格氏链球菌 Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989
- 灰海豹链球菌 Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004
- 耐盐链球菌 Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016
- Streptococcus hansenii Holdeman and Moore 1974,为Blautia hansenii (Holdeman and Moore 1974) Liu et al. 2008的异名
- 亨氏链球菌 Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008
- 希利尔氏链球菌 Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al., 2019
- 喜马拉雅链球菌 Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017
- 呼和浩特链球菌 Streptococcus hohhotensis Li et al. 2024[3]
- 香港链球菌 Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al., 2013
- 猪肠链球菌 Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988
- 生殖道链球菌 Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997
- 鲶鱼链球菌 Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007
- Streptococcus ilei Hyun et al., 2022
- 小儿链球菌 Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000
- 婴儿链球菌 Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998
- 婴儿链球菌婴儿亚种 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius
- 海豚链球菌 Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976
- 中间链球菌 Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925
- Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al., 1988,异名
- 母乳链球菌 Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011
- Streptococcus lactis (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,异名
- Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius Saito et al., 2014
- 巴黎链球菌 Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii.1
- 猴链球菌 Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984
- Streptococcus macedonicus Tsakalidou et al. 1998,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
- 海哺乳动物链球菌 Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005
- 旱獭链球菌 Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016
- 马赛链球菌 Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006
- 蒙古沙鼠链球菌 Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009
- 小链球菌 Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004
- 缓症链球菌 Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906
- Streptococcus morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974,为Gemella morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer 1988的异名
- 摩洛哥链球菌 Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014
- 变异链球菌 Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924
- 低聚发酵链球菌 Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al., 2003,为Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991的异名
- 口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982
- 卷尾猴口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016
- 非洲象口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014
- 驴口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013
- Streptococcus oriscaviae Teng et al., 2023
- 鼠口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000
- 猪口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007
- 羊链球菌 Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001
- 羊乳房链球菌 Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017
- 太平洋链球菌 Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al., 2021
- 牙齿链球菌 Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016
- 藏羚羊链球菌 Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016
- Streptococcus parapneumoniae [4]
- 副血链球菌 Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis
- 副猪链球菌 Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015
- 副乳房链球菌 Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990
- Streptococcus parvulus (Weinberg et al., 1937) Cato 1983,为Lancefieldella parvula (Weinberg et al. 1937) Nouioui et al. 2018的异名
- Streptococcus pasteurianus Poyart et al. 2002,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
- 杀对虾链球菌 Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018
- 泛口腔链球菌 Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998
- 咽喉部链球菌 Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,为Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. 2022的异名
- 海豹链球菌 Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994
- Streptococcus plantarum Collins et al., 1984,为Lactococcus plantarum (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的异名
- Streptococcus pleomorphus Barnes et al., 1979,为Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的异名
- 多动物源链球菌 Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999
- 多内器官链球菌 Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009
- 肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901
- 猪心链球菌 Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010
- 豕链球菌 Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985
- 小猪链球菌 Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011
- 假肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005
- 假豕链球菌 Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007
- 化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也称化脓链球菌
- Streptococcus raffinolactis Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932,为Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的异名
- 棉子糖链球菌 Streptococcus raffinosi Nguyen et al. 2024[5]
- 鼠链球菌 Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus
- 呼吸系统链球菌 Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018
- 里夫链球菌 Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014
- 鲁布纳氏链球菌 Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013
- 反刍链球菌 Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017
- Streptococcus ruminicola Park et al. 2023[6]
- 羚羊链球菌 Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011
- Streptococcus saccharolyticus Farrow et al., 1985,为Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的异名
- Streptococcus salivarius (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984
- 唾液链球菌 Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- 唾液链球菌唾液亚种 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius
- 唾液链球菌嗜热亚种 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus
- 非洲象口水链球菌 Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014
- 血链球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis
- Streptococcus sciuri Volokhov et al. 2023[7]
- Streptococcus shiloi Eldar et al., 1995,为Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的异名
- 中华链球菌 Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002
- 表兄链球菌 Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983
- 豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987
- 丹吉尔链球菌 Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015
- Streptococcus taonis Lee et al. 2024[8]
- Streptococcus thalassemiae Diouf et al. 2023[9]
- 嗜热链球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919
- 托尔豪特镇链球菌 Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997
- Streptococcus tigurinus Zbinden et al., 2012,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的异名
- Streptococcus toyakuensis Wajima et al., 2022
- 黑猩猩链球菌 Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013
- 染病黑猩猩链球菌 Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013
- 乳房链球菌 Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932
- 脲链球菌 Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000
- 熊口腔链球菌 Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2011
- 前庭链球菌 Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988
- Streptococcus vicugnae Volokhov et al., 2021
- Streptococcus waius Flint et al., 1999,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名
- 加州海狮链球菌 Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al., 2021
- 流行链球菌 Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,异名
传染途径
链球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮肤、肠道和上呼吸道,因为其它共生菌的竞争和免疫系统它们一般不会造成疾病,所以被认为是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是当某些特定的菌株进入人体,并在特定组织或器官建立起感染时,便会引发疾病。链球菌的种类很多,可以感染人体的多种部位,导致多种不同疾病。
链球菌会通过以下特定的方式传播:
- 物理接触。
- 通过被链球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。
- 通过咳嗽,喷嚏等反应从呼吸道中带出细菌。
致病菌种
链球菌属(Streptococcus)中,以兰斯菲尔德分类法划分可以导致疾病的种有:
一型链球菌(Group A Streptococci),如产脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes) 造成一型链球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
产脓链球菌会感染成年人,导致发烧,喉咙痛(链球菌性咽炎),颈部淋巴肿大。当被感染时,小孩可能会有喉咙痛、皮疹、腹部绞痛等症状,医生可以从咽喉提取样本进行培养和生化测试以确诊。值得注意的是产脓链球菌和很多其它链球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),这种抗原与心脏肌肉和关节处组织的抗原很相像,长时间的链球菌感染会产生自免疫反应, 增加类风湿性关节炎和风湿性心肌炎的危险。
二型链球菌(Group B Streptococci),也称为GBS,如Streptococcus agalactiae,会导致新生儿和老年人的脑膜炎,有时也会导致全身性的细菌性败血症。
链球菌通常也会寄生在女性的生殖道内,产生酸性环境,抑制其它细菌,但是有些二型链球菌会感染生殖道,增加羊膜过早破裂的危险,使胎儿流产。
美国疾病控制预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有专门的对GBS的介绍:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
四型链球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans、S. avium、牛链球菌(S. bovis)
肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)在很少的情况下(如免疫力降低)从上呼吸道进入下呼吸道再进入肺部,产生肺炎链球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反应而使肺部机能失常,导致肺炎。
草绿色链球菌(Streptococcus viridans)可以导致心内膜炎和口腔感染。
參見
参考资料
外部連結
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