蠅虎科(學名:Salticidae)又名蝇虎科,或稱“虩”(讀音同“隙”),是蜘蛛目的一科,也是蝇虎总科的唯一科。
主条目:List_of_Salticidae_genera
根據ITIS引用的2011年數據,本科之下有570個屬[1]。部分動物學家嘗試將這些屬分類,但結果絕大多數分類仍被歸入跳蛛亞科。
下列部分本科的屬[2]:
- 豹跳蛛属 Aelurillus
- 暗跳蛛属 Asemonea
- 亚蛛属 Asianellus
- 艾图蛛属 Attulus Simon, 1889
- Attulus albolineatus (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875)
- Attulus ansobicus (Andreeva, 1976)
- Attulus atricapillus (Simon, 1882)
- Attulus avocator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus barsakelmes (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus burjaticus (Danilov & Logunov, 1994)
- Attulus caricis (Westring, 1861)
- Attulus cautus (G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1888)
- Attulus clavator (Schenkel, 1936)
- Attulus croceus Logunov, 2023
- Attulus cutleri (Prószyński, 1980)
- Attulus damini (Chyzer, 1891)
- Attulus diductus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868)
- Attulus dubatolovi (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus dudkoi (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus dzieduszyckii (L.Koch, 1870)
- Attulus eskovi (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1995)
- Attulus fasciger (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus finschi (L.Koch, 1879)
- Attulus floricola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus godlewskii (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus goricus (Ovtsharenko, 1978)
- Attulus hirokii Ono & Ogata, 2018
- Attulus inexpectus (Logunov & Kronestedt, 1997)
- Attulus inopinabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus japonicus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus karakumensis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus kazakhstanicus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873)
- Attulus mirandus (Logunov, 1993)
- Attulus monstrabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus montanus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nakamurae (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nangrahar Logunov, 2021
- Attulus nenilini (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus niger (Dyal, 1935)
- Attulus nitidus (Hu, 2001)
- Attulus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus penicillatus (Simon, 1875)
- Attulus penicilloides (Wesołowska, 1981)
- Attulus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775)
- Attulus pulchellus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus pusio (Simon, 1871)
- Attulus relictarius (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus rivalis (Simon, 1937)
- Attulus rupicola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus saevus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saganus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saltator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1868)
- Attulus sinensis (Schenkel, 1963)
- Attulus striatus (Emerton, 1911)
- Attulus subadultus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus sylvestris (Emerton, 1891)
- Attulus talgarensis (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus tannuolana (Logunov, 1991)
- Attulus terebratus (Clerck, 1757)
- Attulus vilis (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus zimmermanni (Simon, 1877)
- 巴希拉属 Bagheera
- 巴韦蛛属 Bavia
- 菱头蛛属 Bianor
- 贝塔蛛属 Brettus
- 布氏蛛属 Bristowia
- 缅蛛属 Burmattus
- 猫跳蛛属 Carrhotus
- 铜蛛属 Chalcoscirtus
- 螯跳蛛属 Cheliceroides
- 華蛛屬 Chinattus ,1 種
- 华斑蛛属 Chinophrys
- 丽跳蛛属 Chrysilla
- Clynotis Simon, 1901[3]
- Colopsus Simon, 1902[4]
- Colopsus arkavathi Caleb, 2022[5]
- Colopsus cancellatus Simon, 1902
- Colopsus cinereus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus ferruginus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus longipalpis (Żabka, 1985)
- Colopsus magnus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus tenuesi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- 剑蛛属 Colyttus
- 华美蛛属 Corusca
- 双管跳蛛属 Cyrba
- 胞蛛属 Cytaea 1 種
- 追蛛属 Dendryphantes
- Diolenius Thorell, 1870
- Diolenius albopiceus Hogg, 1915
- Diolenius amplectens Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius angustipes Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius armatissimus Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius bicinctus Simon, 1884
- Diolenius decorus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius infulatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius insignitus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lineatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lugubris Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius minotaurus[6]
- Diolenius paradoxus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius phrynoides (Walckenaer, 1837)
- Diolenius redimiculatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius sarmiensis Gardzińska & Patoleta, 2013
- Diolenius varicus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius virgatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diplocanthopoda Abraham, 1925[3]
- Diplocanthopoda marina Abraham, 1925
- 右蛛屬 Dexippus 1 種
- Edwardsya Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya igapo Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya simoni (Taczanowski, 1871)[7]
- 艾普蛛属 Epeus Peckham & Peckham,1886[8]
- 艳蛛属 Epocilla
- 尧奇蛛属 Euochin Prószynski, 2018
- 斑蛛屬 Euophrys C.L.Koch, 1834[3],侏斑蛛属
- 尤波蛛属 Eupoa Zabka, 1985
- 猎蛛属 Evarcha Simon, 1902
- 羽蛛属 Featheroides Peng, Yin, Xie & Kim, 1994
- 潜叶蛛属 Foliabitus
- 格德蛛属 Gedea
- 胶跳蛛属 Gelotia
- Ghatippus Marathe & Maddison, 2024
- Ghatippus paschima Marathe & Maddison, 2024[9]
- 美蛛属 Habrocestum Simon, 1876
- 苦役蛛属 Hakka Berry & Prószynski, 2001
- 蟆蛛屬 Harmochirus ,哈莫蛛属, 1 種
- 哈蛛属 Hasarina
- 遜蠅虎屬 Hasarius ,蛤沙蛛属
- 闪蛛属 Heliophanus
- 蝇象属 Hyllus
- 翘蛛属 Irura Peckham et Peckham, 1901
- 兰格蛛属 Langerra
- 兰戈纳蛛属 Langona
- 劳弗蛛属 Laufeia Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aenea Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aerihirta (Urquhart, 1888)
- 版纳劳弗蛛 Laufeia banna Wang & Li, 2021
- Laufeia concava Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia eximia Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia longapophysis Lei & Peng, 2012
- Laufeia sasakii Ikeda, 1998
- Laufeia sicus Wu & Yang, 2008
- Laufeia zhangae Wang & Li, 2022
- 莱奇蛛属 Lechia Zabka, 1985
- 马卡蛛属 Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris albosignata Schmidt & Krause, 1996
- Macaroeris asiatica Logunov & Rakov, 1998
- Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris desertensis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris flavicomis (Simon, 1885)
- Macaroeris litoralis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris moebi (Bösenberg, 1895)
- Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)
- 马拉蛛属 Maratus Karsch, 1878
- 马伦戈蛛属 Marengo Peckham & Peckham, 1892
- Marengo batheryensis Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo crassipes G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1892
- Marengo deelemanae Benjamin, 2004
- Marengo ganae Wang & Li, 2022
- Marengo inornata (Simon, 1900)
- Marengo nitida Simon, 1900
- Marengo rattotensis Benjamin, 2006
- Marengo sachintendulkar Malamel, Prajapati, Sudhikumar & Sebastian, 2019
- Marengo striatipes Simon, 1900
- 唐氏马伦戈蛛 Marengo tangi Wang & Li, 2021
- Marengo zebra Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo zhengi Wang & Li, 2022
- 蠅獅屬 Marpissa Koch, 1846[3][10]
- 杯蛛属 Meata
- 蒙蛛属 Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894
- Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868)
- Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879)
- Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987)
- Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861)
- Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981)
- Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007
- Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013
- Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- 扁蝇虎属 Menemerus Simon, 1869
- 微菱头蛛属 Microbianor Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor deltshevi Logunov, 2009
- 台湾微菱头蛛 Microbianor formosana Chen, Lin & Ueng, 2021
- Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013
- Microbianor globosus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011
- Microbianor golovatchi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor madagascarensis Logunov, 2009
- Microbianor nigritarsus Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor saaristoi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor simplex Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018
- 摩挡蛛属 Modunda
- 莫鲁蛛属 Mogrus
- 蟻蛛屬 Myrmarachne Macleay, 1839
- 楠伊蛛属 Nandicius Prószynski, 2016
- Nandicius cambridgei (Prószyński & Zochowska, 1981)
- Nandicius deletus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius frigidus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius kimjoopili (Kim, 1995)
- Nandicius kuankuoshuiensis Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2019
- Nandicius mussooriensis (Prószyński, 1992)
- 普氏楠伊蛛 Nandicius proszynskii Wang & Li, 2021
- Nandicius pseudoicioides (Caporiacco, 1935)
- Nandicius shihaitaoi Wang & Li, 2023
- Nandicius szechuanensis (Logunov, 1995)
- Nandicius vallisflorum Caleb, Sajan & Kumar, 2018
- Nandicius woongilensis Kim & Lee, 2016
- 卫跳蛛属 Necatia Özdikmen, 2007
- Necatia magnidens (Schenkel, 1963)
- 新贝塔蛛属 Neobrettus Wanless, 1984
- 新跳蛛属 Neon Simon, 1876,2种
- 蝶蛛属 Nungia
- 脊跳蛛属 Ocrisiona
- 奥诺玛蛛属 Onomastus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus chenae Lin & Li, 2020
- Onomastus complexipalpis Wanless, 1980
- Onomastus corbetensis Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus danum Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- Onomastus indra Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus jamestaylori Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016[11]
- Onomastus kaharian Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus kanoi Ono, 1995
- Onomastus maskeliya Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus nigricaudus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus nigrimaculatus Zhang & Li, 2005
- Onomastus patellaris Simon, 1900
- Onomastus pethiyagodai Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus quinquenotatus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus rattotensis Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus simoni Żabka, 1985
- 近晨奥诺玛蛛 Onomastus subchenae C.Wang, W.H.Wang & Peng, 2021
- 奥尔蛛属 Orcevia
- 盤蛛屬 Pancorius ,3 種
- 小蝇狼属 Parvattus
- 蝇犬蛛属 Pellenes Simon, 1876[3]
- 昏蛛属 Phaeacius Simon, 1900
- 蝇狼属 Philaeus
- 黑條蠅虎屬 Phintella Strand in Bosenberg et Strand, 1906,金蝉蛛属
- 类金蝉蛛属 Phintelloides Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides alborea Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides brunne Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavoviri Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavumi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014)
- Phintelloides manipur Caleb, 2020
- Phintelloides orbisa Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- 彭氏类金蝉蛛 Phintelloides pengi Wang & Li, 2021
- Phintelloides singhi (Monga, Singh & Sadana, 1989)
- Phintelloides undulatus (Caleb & Karthikeyani, 2015)
- Phintelloides versicolor (C.L.Koch, 1846)
- 俳蛛屬 Phlegra Simon, 1876[3],绯蛛属
- 拟蝇虎蛛 Plexippoides Proszyniski, 1976
- 條斑蠅虎屬 Plexippus C.L.Koch, 1846,蝇虎属,2种
- 颇克蛛属 Poecilorchestes Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes decoratus Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes logunovi Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- 郑氏颇克蛛 Poecilorchestes zhengi Wang & Li, 2021
- 孔蛛屬 Portia Karsch[12]
- 伪斑蛛属 Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912[3]
- 拟伊蛛属 Pseudicius Simon, 1885
- 兜蠅虎屬 Ptocasius Simon, 1885,兜跳蛛属,1种
- 宽胸蝇虎属 Rhene Thorell, 1869,1种
- 跳蛛属 Salticus [3]
- 西菱头蛛 Sibianor
- 翠蛛属 Siler Simon, 1889
- 西玛蛛属 Simaetha Thorell, 1881
- Simaetha almadenensis Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha atypica Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha broomei Żabka, 1994
- 陈氏西玛蛛 Simaetha cheni Wang & Li, 2021
- Simaetha cingulata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha colemani Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha damongpalaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha deelemanae Zhang, Song & Li, 2003
- Simaetha furiosa (Hogg, 1919)
- Simaetha gongi Peng, Gong & Kim, 2000
- Simaetha huigang Wang & Li, 2022
- Simaetha knowlesi Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha laminata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha makinanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha menglun Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha paetula (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha papuana Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha pengi Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha reducta (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha robustior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuidens (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha thoracica Thorell, 1881
- 华岛蛛属 Sinoinsula
- 褐蠅虎屬 Sitticus Simon, 1901[3],跃蛛属
- Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus gombakensis Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus sindhudurg Kadam & Tripathi[13]
- 雀躍蛛屬 Spartaeus Thorell:又名散蛛屬[12]
- 斯坦蛛属 Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886
- 似蚁蛛属 Synageles Simon, 1876[3]
- 合跳蛛属 Synagelides Strand in Bosenberg etStran,合蠅虎屬,2种
- 怜蛛属 Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909
- 塔沙蛛属 Tasa Wesolowska, 1981
- 牛蛛属 Tauala Wanless, 1988,1种
- 纽蛛属 Telamonia Thorell, 1887,1种
- 方胸蛛属 Thiania ,1种
- 莎茵蛛属 Thyene Simon, 1885
- 莎纽纳蛛属 Thyenula Simon, 1902
- 维利蛛属 Vailimia
- 沃蛛属 Wanlessia ,1种
- 雅蛛属 Yaginumaella Proszynski, 1976
- 后雅蛛属 Yaginumanis ,1种
- 树跳蛛属 Yllenus
- 斑马蛛属 Zebraplatys ,1种
- 长腹蝇虎属 Zeuxippus
在全球廣泛分佈,中國廣東粵東地區常見為灰色,背面有黑色斑紋,全身絨毛。腳上的毛可以讓他在光滑表面上移動。
跳蛛体型较小,最小的只有約一毫米,類似螞蟻,頭部較大,有8只单眼,環視能力絕佳,又因中間的兩主眼視力发达,並善於跳躍,亦稱跳蛛。
蠅虎蜘蛛頭胸部比起其他科是方形的。(見圖一。)頭胸部上的八個眼睛,其中兩個平常比別的都大,可以對焦觀察週遭事物。(見圖二。)
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圖一
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圖二
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Phidippus whitmani
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正在捕食蒼蠅的Salticus scenicus
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Phidippus audax
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Phidippus workmani
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Paraphidippus aurantius
-
ant mimic spider
看到獵物時,先逐步靠近,潛近再跳到獵物身上。因其捕獵物的方式,及主要以蒼蠅蚊子等小蟲為食,俗稱蒼蠅虎[14]。跳蛛的習性一般是不織網,但能吐絲,因從樹上、牆壁等高處摔下危險,預備跳下時先黏上一根絲,就像爬山者用岩釘及繩子防止墜落,是其特色。
Simon, Eugène. 1902. Etudes arachnologiques. 31e Mémoire. LI. Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles de la famille des Salticidae (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 71: 389–421.
John T.D. Caleb, Y.T. Lohit, A.P.C. Abhijith and Soosaimanickam Maria Packiam. 2022. A New Species and New Synonym in the Genus Colopsus Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) from India. Arthropoda Selecta. 31(4); 470–476. DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.31.4.07
F.R. Wanless & Y.D. Lubin (1986) Diolenius minotaurus sp. nov., a remarkable horned jumping spider from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 20:5, 1211-1220, DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770801
Gustavo R. S. Ruiz and Abel Bustamante. 2016. Edwardsya, A New Genus of Jumping Spiders from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina). Zootaxa. 4184(1); 117–129. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.1.7
Kiran Marathe, Wayne P. Maddison and Krushnamegh Kunte. 2024. Ghatippus paschima, A New Species and Genus of plexippine Jumping Spider from the Western Ghats of India (Salticidae, Plexippini, Plexippina). ZooKeys. 1191: 89-103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.114117
Benjamin, Suresh P. and Nilani Kanesharatnam. 2016. Description of Three New Species of the Tropical Asian Jumping Spider Genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from High Altitude Cloud Forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae).
Zootaxa. 4205(5); 431–453. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.2
Rishikesh Tripathi, Gautam Kadam, Theresa Joy Asha and Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar. 2023. First Record of Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006 from India, with Description of A New Species (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 5352(3); 447-450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5352.3.10