1858年，英國生物學家查爾斯·達爾文和阿爾弗雷德·羅素·華萊士發表了《On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection》，首次提出天擇的概念。
Aristotle. Physics. Translated by R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye. The Internet Classics Archive. OCLC 54350394.
Begon, Michael; Townsend, Colin R.; Harper, John L.Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities 3rd. Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science. 1996. ISBN 978-0-632-03801-5. LCCN 95024627. OCLC 32893848.
Christiansen, Freddy B. The Definition and Measurement of Fitness. Shorrocks, Bryan (编). Evolutionary Ecology: The 23rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Leeds, 1982. Symposium of the British Ecological Society23. Oxford; Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1984. ISBN 978-0-632-01189-6. LCCN 85106855. OCLC 12586581.Modified from Christiansen by adding survival selection in the reproductive phase.
Haldane, J B.S.The Causes of Evolution. London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co. 1932. LCCN 32033284. OCLC 5006266."This book is based on a series of lectures delivered in January 1931 at the Prifysgol Cymru, Aberystwyth, and entitled 'A re-examination of Darwinism'."
Haldane, J.B.S.The Measurement of Natural Selection. Montalenti, Giuseppe; Chiarugi, A. (编). Atti del IX Congresso Internazionale di Genetica, Bellagio (Como) 24–31 agosto 1953 [Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Genetics]. Caryologia. 6 (1953/54) Suppl. Florence, Italy: University of Florence. 1954: 480–487 [2022-01-19]. OCLC 9069245. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
Lemey, Philippe; Salemi, Marco; Vandamme, Anne-Mieke (编). The Phylogenetic Handbook: A Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing 2nd. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-521-73071-6. LCCN 2009464132. OCLC 295002266.
Lucretius. Book V. Leonard, William Ellery (编). De rerum natura. Translated by William Ellery Leonard. Medford/Somerville, MA: Tufts University. 1916. OCLC 33233743.
MacArthur, Robert H.; Wilson, Edward O.The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton Landmarks in Biology. New preface by Edward O. Wilson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2001 [Originally published 1967]. ISBN 978-0-691-08836-5. LCCN 00051495. OCLC 45202069.
Malthus, Thomas Robert. An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society: with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers 1st. London: J. Johnson. 1798. LCCN 46038215. OCLC 65344349.The book is available here （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from Frank Elwell, Rogers State University.
Mayr, Ernst. Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist. Columbia Biological Series 13. New York: Columbia University Press. 1942. LCCN 43001098. OCLC 766053.
Mayr, Ernst. Sexual Selection and Natural Selection. Campbell, Bernard G. (编). Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: The Darwinian Pivot. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction. 2006 [Originally published 1972; Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.] ISBN 978-0-202-30845-6. LCCN 2005046652. OCLC 62857839.
Williams, George C.Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton Science Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1966. ISBN 978-0-691-02615-2. LCCN 65017164. OCLC 35230452.
Jones, Steve (2001) Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated. Ballantine Books ISBN 978-0-345-42277-4. Also published in Britain under the title Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated. Doubleday. ISBN 978-1-86230-025-5.
Lewontin, Richard (1978) Adaptation. Scientific American 239:212-30
Mayr, Ernst (2001) What Evolution Is. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 978-0-297-60741-0
Weiner, Jonathan (1994) The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. Vintage Books, ISBN 978-0-679-73337-9.
Historical
Zirkle, C. Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1941, 84 (1): 71–123.
Kohm M (2004) A Reason for Everything: Natural Selection and the English Imagination. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22392-3. For review, see [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） van Wyhe J (2005) Human Nature Review 5:1-4
