美國中北部英語（North-Central American English）又稱上中西部英語（Upper Midwestern English），主要分布於明尼蘇達州、威斯康辛州北部與北達科他州，這一帶的方言表現出一些北方大城市元音移位的發音，ANAE認為它是大湖區、加拿大與西部之間的過渡區。這一帶的發音有Cot–caught合併，因此與北部英語有所區分。
太平洋西北地區英語（Northwestern American English）屬於西部英語（英语：Western American English）而非北部英語。它的過渡區會受到加拿大或加州方言的影響。
"Canadian English". Brinton, Laurel J., and Fee, Marjery, ed. (2005). Ch. 12. in The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume VI: English in North America., Algeo, John, ed., pp. 422–440. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN0-521-26479-0, 978-0-521-26479-2. On p. 422: "It is now generally agreed that Canadian English originated as a variant of northern American English (the speech of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)".
"Canadian English". McArthur, T., ed. (2005). Concise Oxford companion to the English language, pp. 96–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-280637-8. On p. 97: "Because CanE and AmE are so alike, some scholars have argued that in linguistic terms Canadian English is no more or less than a variety of (Northern) American English".
"Bare-naked （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
"Brook （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" and "Runs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "Dialects of the United States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." A National Map of The Regional Dialects of American English. University of Pennsylvania.
