组织蛋白酶D是一种在人体中由CTSD基因编码的蛋白质。[6][7]该基因编码一种溶酶体天冬氨酰蛋白酶，该蛋白酶由二硫键连接的重链和轻链的蛋白二聚体组成，两者均由单一蛋白质前体产生。组织蛋白酶D是一种天冬氨酸内切蛋白酶，广泛分布于溶酶体中。[8]组织蛋白酶D的主要功能是降解蛋白质并激活溶酶体前区室中生物活性蛋白的前体。[9]这种蛋白酶是肽酶A1家族的成员，具有与胃蛋白酶A相似但比胃蛋白酶A更窄的特异性。 CTSD基因的转录从几个位点开始，包括一个作为雌激素调节转录物起始位点的位点。该基因的突变与几种疾病的发病机制有关，包括乳腺癌和可能的阿尔茨海默病症。[7]CTSD基因的纯合缺失导致出生后阶段的早期致死性。[10]据报道，CTSD基因的缺陷是神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症（NCL）的根本原因。[11]
组织蛋白酶D的催化位点包括位于14kDa和34kDa链上的两个关键天冬氨酸残基（氨基酸33和231）。[12]成熟组织蛋白酶D的最终形式由337个氨基酸残基、196个重链氨基酸残基和141个轻链氨基酸残基组成。这两条链通过疏水效应连接起来。[13]
在体外，组织蛋白酶D的最适pH值为4.5至5.0。[14]组织蛋白酶D是一种天冬氨酸蛋白酶，它严重依赖于其活性位点Asp残基的质子化。与Asp质子化一起，较低的pH 值也会导致组织蛋白酶D的构象转换：随着pH值的下降，蛋白酶的N端片段会移出活性位点。[15][16][17]与其他天冬氨酸蛋白酶类似，组织蛋白酶D在活性位点的结合裂隙中容纳多达8个氨基酸残基。组织蛋白酶D的主要生理功能包括细胞内蛋白质的代谢降解、多肽激素和生长因子的活化和降解、酶前体的活化、酶激活剂和抑制剂的加工、脑抗原加工和细胞程序性死亡的调节。[18][19][20][21]组织蛋白酶D也可以在细胞外空间中找到，[21]它是少数在中性pH条件下显示出一些活性的组织蛋白酶之一。[22]它能够激活生长因子VEGF-C和VEGF-D，这可能部分解释了它与肿瘤进展的相关性。[23]
NCL表现为视觉功能的进行性丧失和神经发育衰退、癫痫发作、肌阵挛性抽搐和过早死亡。 CTSD基因是已确定的八个基因之一，其缺陷是导致NCL的原因。[11]据报告，外显子6中的纯合单核苷酸重复可以改变阅读框并导致255位的过早终止密码子。组织蛋白酶 D 的过表达刺激致瘤性和转移以及肿瘤细胞凋亡的开始。这种蛋白酶被认为是乳腺癌预后不良的独立标志物，与临床转移的发生率相关。[24][25]CTSD基因敲除会导致肠坏死和出血，胸腺凋亡增加，表明某些上皮细胞需要组织蛋白酶D进行组织重塑和更新。[10]另据报告，CTSD基因型可能对男性阿尔茨海默病风险有强烈影响。[26]组织蛋白酶D的酶活性诱导含有载脂蛋白B-100 的脂蛋白（包括 LDL）的水解修饰，这意味着它也可能与动脉粥样硬化有关。[19][27]
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