海蝦養殖 是水產養殖 的一形式,以放養具經濟價值的蝦 類為主。
南韓 的蝦池
商業海蝦養殖場開始於20世紀70年代,飼養海蝦以供人食用。海蝦生產量急劇增長以滿足市場的需求──尤其是美國 、日本 和西歐 的市場。在2003年,全球生產的養殖蝦超過160萬噸,價值近九十億美元。約75%養殖蝦由亞洲 國家生產,中國 和泰國 是最大的生產國。其餘25%由拉丁美洲 國家生產,巴西 是最大的生產國。最大的出口國是泰國。
歷史和地理
數百年來,亞洲 使用傳統的低密度方法養蝦;印尼 的鹹水池塘可以追溯至十五世紀。有些小規模漁塘只單獨養蝦,有一些則連同其他物種,如虱目魚 一起飼養。有些蝦則養在旱季的稻田裡,與水稻輪作 ──因為旱季不能種植稻米 [ 1] 。傳統的小規模養殖場,多數在沿岸地區或河濱。因為紅樹林 地區有豐富的野生蝦,所以是最理想的養蝦場。野生蝦苖被困在漁塘,以天然的水中生物為生,當長到理想的大小時,蝦農撈捕蝦穫。
工業蝦養殖的起源,可追溯到20世紀30年代,當時日本首次培育日本對蝦 (Penaeus japonicus)。到了60年代,日本已經出現小規模的蝦養殖業[ 2] 。商業養蝦業開始於20世紀60年代末和70年代初。由於技術進步,養蝦密度得以增加;另一面,市場對蝦的需求日益增長,導致蝦養殖場遍佈世界各地。蝦養殖場主要集中在熱帶 和亞熱帶 地區。1980年代初期,海蝦的需求日益增長,與此同時,野生蝦漁獲郤不能增加,這為海蝦養殖業創造一個理想的發展環境,造就它的繁榮。
台灣 是其中一個早期的參與者,在上世紀80年代是主要的養蝦生產地。然而由於管理不善和疾病,台灣的蝦養殖工業從1988年開始崩塌[ 3] 。從1985年開始,大型的高密度蝦養殖場在泰國 迅速擴展[ 4] 。厄瓜多爾 率先在南美 開發養蝦業,並且從1978年開始急劇發展[ 5] 。 自1974年以來,巴西的養蝦業一直活躍,但是蝦貿易到了20世紀90年代,才真正蓬勃發展,令到該國在數年之內,成為主要養蝦生產國[ 6] 。到了今天,擁有海蝦養殖場的國家多達50多個。
養殖方法
在1970年代,野生海蝦捕撈業能供應的海蝦產量,不足以滿足消費者對海蝦的需求,因此海蝦養殖成為一個經濟上可行的替代方法,以滿足市場日益增長的需求。舊式的自給自足的養殖方法(又稱少有餘糧的農場經營、糊口農業 ),迅速被淘汰,取而代之的是以出口為主的高密度養蝦工業。工業養蝦最初仍沿用傳統的養殖方法,不過工業養蝦場的面積比舊式養蝦魚塘大得多,以彌補低密度海蝦的單位面積產量。舊式養蝦魚塘一般只有幾公顷 大,而在一些地方的工業養蝦場的大小,卻能達100公頃(1平方公里)。
註釋
Rosenberry, About Shrimp Farming .
International Shrimp Action Network, 2000.
參考
各国捕捞与养殖水产品产量列表
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外部連結
FAO Fisheries Department: Review of the State of World Aquaculture [失效連結 ] , FAO Fisheries Circular 886, Rev. 1; FAO, 1997. ISSN 0429-9329.
Holthuis, L. B. : FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. I: Shrimps and Prawns of the World , FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Vol. 1.; FAO, 1980. ISBN 92-5-100896-5 .
McQuaid, J.: Thailand transformed by shrimp boom (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) , March 28, 1996. Part of a series for which the newspaper The Times-Picayune , New Orleans, won the 普利策獎 in the category "public service" in 1997.
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) has many of the World Bank et al. reports and a lot of current information about shrimp farming in Asia.
Scampi.nu is a Swedish web site critical of shrimp farming that has many excellent links to English articles.
Mai Po gei wai is a WWF -managed extensive shrimp farm in Hong Kong .
蒙特雷灣水族館 'Seafood Guide' offers good information on choosing Sea food that is caught using sustainable and environmentally aware methods.
Shrimp farming , from 綠色和平 。