扬·范艾克(早于公元1390年—早于公元1441年7月9日),弗兰德畫家和十五世纪名声显赫的北方文艺复兴的艺术家之一,早期活跃于布吕赫。他为早期尼德兰畫派最偉大的畫家之一,也是十五世紀北方後哥德式繪畫的創始人。除与其兄休伯特·范艾克合作完成的《根特祭壇畫》和签有字母Hand G(人们认为是Jan)的《都灵-米兰时光》泥金裝飾手抄本之外,大约只有25部完成于1432年至1439年间幸存的作品归属于他[1]。其中包括根特祭坛画在内的十部作品,是标有完成日期和由希腊字母缀成的一系列范艾克名字的双关座右铭ALS IK KAN (As I (Eyck) can)[2]签名。
关于扬·范艾克早期生活的记录十分匮乏,历史上并没有记载他出生日期和地点的文献。 现存最早史料来源于海牙巴伐利亚 - 施特劳宾的约翰的宫廷记录,其中有几笔支付给宫廷画家Meyster Jan den malre(Master Jan the painter)和其两名助手的费用[7]。这表明扬·范艾克最早出生于公元1395年。但是,1433年他在伦敦创作的作品一个男人的画像则更多地证明他出生于1380年左右[4]。又有资料显示,公元1500年之后,他出生在列日主教管区马塞克[8]。从词源学角度来看,这种说法还有颇有根据的:考虑到"Van Eyck"的意思是"of Eyck",它是较早的"eik"的另一种拼法;扬·范艾克逝世后,他的女儿Lievine在马塞克一家修道院修道的事实也为此说增加了论据。此外,他在为作品《空墓前的三聖女》(Portrait of Cardinal Niccolò Albergat)所做的准备素描笔记则是用马塞克方言完成的。
他有一个名为玛格丽特的同胞姐妹和至少两个画家兄弟:休伯特·范艾克(死于公元1426年),Lambert (活跃于公元1431 至 公元1442年间),但是他们的长幼秩序却不甚明了[4]。另外一个在法国南部出名的年轻人Barthélemy van Eyck也被认为和扬·范艾克是亲戚[9]。我们对于扬·范艾克在哪里接受教育一无所知,但是不难肯定的是他懂得拉丁文、希腊文,并在很多落款中使用希伯来字母;这些都表明他受过古典学教育。从他的墓碑上的纹章辨别,人们认为他出生于一个绅士阶级[4]。很少有画家能够有幸获得这种教育,这也是他能够为Philip所赏识成为宫廷画家不可或缺的要素之一[10]。
《阿爾諾非尼夫婦》(Portrait of Arnolfini and his Wife),1434年,收藏於英國國家美術館
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Wolff, Martha; Hand, John Oliver. Early Netherlandish painting. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1987. ISBN 0-521-34016-0
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