「愛爾蘭共和國」(Republic of Ireland)、「ROI」、「共和國」(the Republic)或「南方」(the South)經常被用作稱呼該國,以識別該國和愛爾蘭島,或用於分辨它和北愛爾蘭(「NI」或「北方」)。有些愛爾蘭共和主張者會避免稱該國為「愛爾蘭」,因為他們認為這個稱呼是分割主義(英语:Partitionism)的。
於1937年頒佈的愛爾蘭憲法的第四條定明,「國家的名稱是『愛爾蘭』,在英語則是『Ireland』」([t]he name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland".)[3]。所以,愛爾蘭國家有兩個官方名稱,分別為愛爾蘭語的「Éire」和英語的「Ireland」。在國際條約或法律文件等的官方場合,如果文件的文字為英語,愛爾蘭政府用「Ireland」自稱,在愛爾蘭語文件則使用「Éire」。相似地,在官方機構和職位中亦使用此名稱,例如愛爾蘭有「愛爾蘭總統」和《愛爾蘭憲法》。「愛爾蘭」這個名稱亦用於該國與其他國家的外交關係、聯合國[4]、歐盟[5]、 歐洲委員會[6]、國際貨幣基金組織[7]和經濟合作暨發展組織[8]中。
「Inisfail」指「命運之島」,拉丁文為「Inisfalia」或「Insula Fatalis」。圖哈德達南人用這個名稱,所以由此「Fál」就成為了愛爾蘭島的古名,而「Lia Fáil」本來的意思是「命運之石」,但因此便解作「愛爾蘭之石(英语:Lia Fáil)」。19和20世紀初的愛爾蘭愛情詩和民族主義的詩詞中,「Inisfail」變成了「Erin(英语:Erin)」的同義詞,例如奧布里·托馬斯·德維爾(英语:Aubrey Thomas de Vere)於1863年作的詩《Inisfail》。
在英文,於1919年宣佈成立的國家[13]叫「Irish Republic」(愛爾蘭[的]共和國)或有時作「Republic of Ireland」(愛爾蘭共和國)。基於兩個愛爾蘭語「共和國」的翻譯,兩個愛爾蘭文的名字便被採用:「Poblacht na hÉireann」和「Saorstát Éireann」。「Poblacht」是由愛爾蘭文「pobal」演化出來,而本身由拉丁文「populus」衍生。「Saorstát」是由兩個愛爾蘭語字「saor」(自由)和「stát」(國家)組成。
在1916年《復活節宣言》時使用的國名為「Poblacht na hÉireann」。但是,在1919年《愛爾蘭獨立宣言(英语:Irish Declaration of Independence)》和其他文件時則使用了「Saorstát Éireann」。此國名的另一版本「Saorstát na hÉireann」和拉丁文「Respublica Hibernica」有時會被使用[14][15]。
因為之前的愛爾蘭[的]共和國的愛爾蘭語名為「Saorstát Éireann」,所以新國家的名稱取其字面意思為「愛爾蘭自由邦」,而不是「愛爾蘭[的]共和國」[20] 。在自由邦成立後,愛爾蘭政府在英文和愛爾蘭語中,都會使用「Saorstát Éireann」來稱呼國家。雖然「Éire」在當時並非該國的正式名稱,但是當時的郵票(英语:Postage stamps of Ireland)亦會使用該名稱[21]。現時愛爾蘭郵票仍跟隨這慣例。即使1981年愛爾蘭郵政及電報部推薦「Ireland」和「Éire」並用於郵票上,但愛爾蘭總理部(英语:Department of the Taoiseach)否決了該建議,原因是「對憲法和政治構成影響」[22]。
由於愛爾蘭自由邦並非一個共和國,1922年起「saorstát」一字便在停止了在愛爾蘭語中譯為「共和國」。在1949年「愛爾蘭共和國」成為該國的法定描述時,愛爾蘭語為「Poblacht na hÉireann」而不是「Saorstát Éireann」。
「愛爾蘭」(Éire,自1937年起的愛爾蘭語名稱)
《愛爾蘭憲法》第四條賦予該國在愛爾蘭語中「Éire」和英語中「Ireland」兩個官方名字,而兩者是對方的直接翻譯。自從1937年起,「Éire」甚至會用於英語當中。1937年5月當埃蒙·迪·華理拉向國會憲法委員會展示憲法草案時,第四條只是「國家的名稱是『Éire』」(The name of the State is Éire),並沒有英語「Ireland」一詞。在野黨立即提議在英文版中使用「Ireland」一詞,指「Ireland」是該國在歐洲各國中的通稱,北愛爾蘭可能會因此可採用「Ireland」一詞,以及此舉把國和島分開[23]。作為回應,華理拉指愛爾蘭文版本才是基礎文本,以及指「Éire」一詞可因此在英語中使用[24][25]。但是,他指他對此問題「並無強烈的意見」,以及他同意「在英語中國家的名稱為『Ireland』」[23]。
此後,《愛爾蘭憲法》第四條更改為「國家的名稱是『Éire』,在英文中是『Ireland』」(The name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland.)。在幾乎無需辯論下,這一條便成為該國的法律。[26]
歷史上,「Eire」亦被用作不同愛爾蘭組織中的英語名稱中,用以代表國家。例如愛爾蘭業餘體育聯合會在1938年把英語名稱由「Irish Amateur Athletic Union」改為「Amateur Athletic Union of Eire」,並在國際田徑聯會上以「Eire」名稱登記[27][28]。1967年,愛爾蘭業餘體育聯合會與全國運動和自行車運動協會合併,成立愛爾蘭田徑委員會(Bord Lúthchleas na hÉireann)[27][28],要求把國家名稱登記改回為「Ireland」。申請於1981年批准[27]。
The wording of Article 4 has been criticised. Early criticisms are discussed above More recently, in its report, the Constitution Review Group互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-07-21. in 1996 stated that that Article 4 was unnecessarily complicated and should be amended to read "The name of the State is Ireland" with an equivalent change in the Irish text.
The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948 (Commencement) Order, 1949 (S.I. No. 27/1949) appointed 18 April 1949 (Easter Monday, the thirty third anniversary of the Irish Easter Rising) as the day the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 would come into force.
See: Council Regulation (EC) No 920/2005 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Until then, Irish was a treaty language, official to the extent that the EU's founding treaties were (in addition to the other languages of the EU) drawn up in Irish and equally authentic in that language. Irish had not been an official EU working language.
John Furlong (2006). Ireland – the Name of the State. Legal Information Management, 6, pp 297-301. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S1472669606000934
Dáil Éireann - Volume 67 - 25 May 1937, Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011年6月7日,.: 'The President: ... I should prefer to keep the name as “Eire” because the whole thing is more logical but, if anybody wants to translate that in the English text as “Ireland,” I have no objection.
I am anxious, however, that the Irish term should be used on the same basis as we use “Taoiseach.” Elsewhere, it is suggested that that should be “Prime Minister.” The term “Ceann Comhairle” has now come to be used instead of “Speaker.” It has come gradually into our speech and the acceptance of Irish words for our own institutions is desirable. This is one of those matters in which I should have imagined I would come in for considerable criticism from the opposite benches if I put in the word “Ireland” instead of “Eire.”
...
There are two things that can be said in favour of using the word Eire. The first is that it keeps the logic of the whole system much more clear and definite. The second is that we are doing something beyond what we have done before, that is, getting Irish names accepted even in English when we speak English here.'
On a later occasion de Valera was also to say that the name Éire would have helped to avoid confusion between the names of the island and the state. Although, clearly, where the Irish language was the medium of communication, the position would be the same (as Éire is both the name of the state and the island in the Irish language). He considered that issue in the Dáil (Dáil Éireann - Volume 67 - 25 May 1937, Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011年6月7日,.): 'The President: There is, for instance, the territorial area which is called Eire in Irish, and there is the State. It is easy to distinguish between the two territories if you say Stát na hEireann or Oileán na hEireann.' (Note: "Stát na hÉireann" is Irish for "State of Ireland" and "Oileán na hÉireann" is Irish for "Island of Ireland".)
Dáil Éireann - Volume 68 - 9 June 1937 Committee on Finance. – Recommittal互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2014年8月26日,.. To the proposed wording, an opposition politician had responded that it was "rather a cumbersome name for the State". To this, de Valera replied, that "it was a very short name. There is the equivalent in the English language." There was no further debate. The name Ireland was substituted for Éire in a number of places throughout the English text of the Constitution although the name Éire remained in the highly rhetorical preamble but nowhere else in the English text. The latter reference was probably also motivated by de Valera's wish to emphasise the pre-eminence of the Irish text, as well as by his previously stated view that such use of Irish words in English was "desirable" ("Dáil Éireann - Volume 67 - 25 May 1937, Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011年6月7日,.).