希臘語族

希臘語族是印歐語系下屬語族之一^[3]。一般來說，希臘語族只包括希臘語一種語言 ^[4][5]。但一些語言學家認為希臘語可以拆分為多種語言，这些语言被认为相关但差异大到足以成为单独的语言，它们要么是希腊语的古代临近语言，^[6]要么是现代希腊语变体。^[7]

希臘語族
Greek
地理分佈	希臘、賽普勒斯、義大利、安那托利亞和黑海地區
谱系学分类	印欧语系 (?) 希腊-弗里吉亚语[1] 希臘語族
原始語言	原始希臘語
分支	希腊语 (?) 古馬其頓語†
ISO 639-5	grk
–
Glottolog	gree1276[2]

希腊语和古马其顿语

虽然发现的大部分现存古马其顿的公共和私人碑文都是用阿提卡希腊语（后来是通用希腊语）写成的，^[8][9]但有关当地方言的文献仍存在于专名学证据、古代词汇表以及最近在希腊马其顿地区发现的金石学文物，如佩拉诅咒碑（英语：Pella curse tablet）。^[10][11][12]这种地区变体有时被学者归类为西北多利亚方言，^{[note 1]}偶尔也被归类为爱奥利亚希腊语^{[note 2]}或希腊语的一个单独的同源语言（英语：Sister language）。^{[note 3]}基于最后一种分类方法，有人提议将希腊语和古马其顿语归为一类，统称为“希腊语族”。^[6][25]

现代希腊语族

此外，一些语言学家使用“希腊语族”一词指代狭义上的现代希腊语，以及某些其他不同的现代变体，后者由于缺乏相互理解性而被视为不同的语言。^[26]最常被视为单独语言的是察科尼亚语（英语：Tsakonian language），^[26]它被认为是多利亚希腊语而非阿提卡希腊语的后代；其次是安纳托利亚的本都希腊语和卡帕多西亚希腊语（英语：Cappadocian Greek）。^[27]意大利南部的格里科语（英语：Griko language）或意大利-希腊语（英语：Italiot Greek）对于讲标准希腊语的人来说也不容易互通。^[28]塞浦路斯希腊语（英语：Cypriot Greek）有时也主张拥有独立地位，尽管这很难证明。^[29]相比之下，犹太-希腊语（英语：Yevanic language）与标准希腊语可以互通，但有时出于文化和种族原因被认为是一种单独的语言。^[29]希腊语言学传统上将上述所有均视为单一语言的方言。^[4][30][31]

分类

希腊语族是印欧语系的一个分支。可能与其关系最为密切的古代语言，古马其顿语^[32][33]（古希腊语方言或单独的语言）和弗里吉亚语，^[34]没有很好的记录，无法进行详细的比较。在现存的印欧语系分支中，希腊语通常被认为与亚美尼亚语^[35]（见希腊-亚美尼亚语族）和印度-伊朗语族^[36][37]（见希腊-伊朗语族）有着最密切的亲缘关系。

語言樹狀圖

以下树状图基于Lucien van Beek的工作：^[38]

• 希腊-弗里吉亚语族 
  • 希腊语族 
    • 南部希腊语
      • 亚该亚
        • 迈锡尼希腊语
        • 南亚该亚希腊语
      • 阿提卡希腊语-伊奥尼亚希腊语
        • 阿提卡希腊语
        • 西伊奥尼亚希腊语
        • 中伊奥尼亚希腊语
        • 东伊奥尼亚希腊语
    • 北部希腊语
      • 爱奥利亚希腊语
        • 波欧提斯希腊语（兼有西部希腊语的特征；其前身可能是爱奥利亚希腊语和西部希腊语之间的过渡方言）
        • 莱斯沃斯希腊语（其还有至少一个古老的南部希腊语创新；其前身可能是爱奥尼亚希腊语和南部希腊语之间的过渡方言）
        • 色萨利希腊语
      • 西部希腊语
        • 多利亚希腊语
        • 西北多利亚希腊语
      • (?) 古馬其頓語
  • 弗里吉亚语

另见

• 古希腊语方言
• 现代希腊语变体（英语：Varieties of Modern Greek）

脚注

1. Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),^[13] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),^[14] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),^[15] Johannes Engels (2010),^[16] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),^[17] Joachim Matzinger (2016),^[18] Emilio Crespo (2017),^[11] Claude Brixhe (2018)^[19] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).^[13]
2. Suggested by August Fick (1874),^[14] Otto Hoffmann (1906),^[14] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)^[20] and Ian Worthington (2012).^[21]
3. Suggested by Georgiev (1966),^[22] Joseph (2001)^[23] and Hamp (2013).^[24]

引用

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Greek. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
3. In other contexts, "Hellenic" and "Greek" are generally synonyms.
4. Browning (1983), Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): Modern Greek. London: Routledge, p. 1.
6. B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. (Online Paper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
7. David Dalby. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). Pp. 449-450.
8. Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. 7 July 2011: 94. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7. Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
9. Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John. The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 730. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4.
10. Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
11. Crespo, Emilio. The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (编). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. 2017: 329. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
12. Hornblower, Simon. Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia. The Greek World, 479-323 BC Third. Routledge. 2002: 90. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
13. Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. The speech of the ancient Macedonians. Ancient Macedonia. De Gruyter. 2020: 64, 77. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8 （英语）.
14. Masson, Olivier. [Ancient] Macedonian language. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (编). The Oxford Classical Dictionary revised 3rd. Oxford University Press: 905–906. 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3 （英语）.
15. Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
16. Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
17. Dosuna, J. Méndez. Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text). Giannakis, Georgios K. (编). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. 2012: 145. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
18. Matzinger, Joachim. Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (演讲). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 2016 （德语）. |page=被忽略 (帮助)
19. Brixhe, Claude. Macedonian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. De Gruyter. 2018: 1862–1867. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1 （英语）.
20. Hammond, N.G.L. Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics. A.M. Hakkert. 1997: 79 （英语）.
21. Worthington, Ian. Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. 2012: 71. ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2 （英语）.
22. Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
23. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Joseph2001的参考文献提供内容
24. Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
25. Ancient Macedonian. MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. （原始内容存档于November 22, 2013）.
26. Salminen, Tapani. Europe and North Asia. Moseley, Christopher (编). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. 2007: 211–284.
27. Ethnologue: Family tree for Greek.
28. N. Nicholas (1999), The Story of Pu: The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (PDF)
29. Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios. Modern Greek. Roelcke, Thorsten (编). Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen. Berlin: de Gruyter. 2003: 836.
30. G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London: Longman.
31. P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
32. Roger D. Woodard. "Introduction", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–18), pp. 12–14.
33. Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 405.
34. Johannes Friedrich. Extinct Languages. Philosophical Library, 1957, pp. 146–147. Claude Brixhe. "Phrygian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 777–788), p. 780. Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 403.
35. James Clackson. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
36. Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
37. Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek," The Indo-European Languages, ed. Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228. BBC: Languages across Europe: Greek
38. van Beek 2022，第190頁.

参考书目

• van Beek, Lucien. Greek (PDF). Olander, Thomas (编). The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 2022: 173–201. ISBN 978-1-108-49979-8. S2CID 161016819. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.