操演性

操演性（英語：Performativity），或譯作表演性、展演性，是指语言作為社会行为形式发挥作用、產生效果的術語。^[1] 操演性，在人类学、社会地理學、文化地理学、经济学、性别研究、法學、语言学、戲劇理論、表演研究、历史、管理學和哲学等不同领域有多种应用與定義。

術語，來自语言哲学家约翰·奥斯丁的言語行為理論。奧斯丁提到了一種特別的能力：通过言语和交流，來采取行动，或達成某项行动。奥斯丁将其与陈述敘說（英語：constative utterance）区分開來，稱為操演敘說（英語：performative utterance）。奧斯丁定义陈述敘說为可以“评估为真或假”的語句。而操演敘說^{[註 1]}的常见例子，有：承诺、打赌、举行婚礼、示威者宣布罢工、或法官宣布裁决。 ^[1]

受奥斯汀影响，性别研究哲学家朱迪思·巴特勒认为，性别是通过日常的言语行为和非语言行為在社会上构建的，有助于定义和维持身份。^[2] 这种性別操演性的观点颠覆了身份是言语、手势等次生行为的原因。相反，性別操演性将行动、行为和手势也视为是形成个人身份的原因，而不只是結果，而个人身份在不断通过言语行为和象征性交流中得到重新定义。^[1] 巴特勒的此觀點也受到了傅柯、阿圖塞等哲学家的影响。^[3]

参考

註

1. 或翻作「踐行敘說」、「展演敘說」等

註腳

1. Cavanaugh, Jillian R. Performativity. Anthropology. 10 March 2015 [10 October 2017]. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0114. （原始内容存档于2023-03-21）.
2. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge. 1990.
3. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis – Barker & Galasinski

延伸閱讀

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