尼布甲尼撒二世（阿卡德语：𒀭𒀝𒃻𒁺𒋀；希伯来语：נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar；古希臘語：Ναβουχοδονόσωρ Naboukhodonósôr；叙利亚语：ܢܵܒܘܼ ܟܘܼܕܘܼܪܝܼ ܐܘܼܨܘܼܪ；阿拉伯语：نِبُوخَذنِصَّر nibūḫaḏniṣṣar；思高本：拿步高；约公元前642年—前562年），是巴比伦迦勒底帝国的君主，在位时间约为公元前605年－公元前562年，知名于建成空中花园、毁坏所罗门圣殿。他曾征服犹大王国的耶路撒冷，并流放犹太人，《圣经列王纪》和《耶利米书》描述了他征服犹大王国的过程。
他的名字意思是“保护继承者尼布”。
尼布甲尼撒的父亲是新巴比倫帝国的开国君主－那波帕拉薩爾，妻子是米底王国的公主阿米蒂斯，两个王国联姻后势力大增。尔后那波帕拉薩爾使巴比伦脱离亚述的属国地位，并打垮亚述人、将新亞述帝國的都城尼尼微夷为平地。尼布甲尼撒是家中长子和继承人，前607年随父亲出征亚述北部山区，后来单独指挥作战。古埃及曾经击败亚述人、占领了原亚述帝国西部卡尔基米什一带，导致前亚述帝国领土被伽勒底和米底分割。公元前606年，他带兵任总司令，在卡尔基米什痛歼埃及军队，收复了前亚述领地。公元前605年8月，那波帕拉薩爾去世，尼布甲尼撒赶回巴比伦继承王位。
公元前604年他发兵征服叙利亚和巴勒斯坦部分地区，尔后雇用希腊佣兵作战，但于公元前601年被埃及军队打败，损失惨重，他竭力补充损失的战车和兵员，卷土重来。公元前597年，他率兵攻占耶路撒冷，并将猶大王國國王约雅斤掳回巴比伦，《圣经》中还记载了公元前586年他再次进攻耶路撒冷、围攻推罗城，毁灭两座城市並拆毁神殿。
大英博物馆保存描述他的楔形文字泥版文书，写到：“巴比伦国王，尼布甲尼撒，在第37年，带领军队进攻埃及，埃及国王雅赫摩斯集合军队前往应战”。
他于公元前562年去世，由他儿子以未米羅達繼位。公元前539年，他去世后尚不到25年，巴比伦就被波斯帝國的居鲁士大帝征服。
尼布甲尼撒同时也是一位卓越的外交家，曾派遣使节和小亚细亚的希腊人国家吕底亚及米底周旋，解除西方的威胁。他将巴比伦建成一个著名的城市，完善输水设施和水库。
尼布甲尼撒多次在《聖經》中出现。《列王纪》中描述了尼布甲尼撒两次包围耶路撒冷，《耶利米书》则描述了第二次围城和洗劫摧毁所罗门圣殿。
尼布甲尼撒二世也是《但以理書》中的重要人物，4章1-37節中描述他的夢境、對神的讚頌，此夢見於但以理所謄錄的巴比倫國史文獻內。首先尼布甲尼撒承認至高上帝的大能及他的王國，然後敘述他可怕的夢，並解釋這夢如何應驗在他身上。他夢見一棵大樹，高得頂天，所産的果子可供衆生食用，其蔭可遮庇萬民。一位守望者大聲喊叫説：『要伐倒這樹。把樹的殘株用鐵圈和銅圈箍住。經過七期，好叫世人知道至高者在人的國中掌權，要將國賜給極卑微的人統治。』（但以理書4:14-17）但以理把夢講解出來，指明樹代表尼布甲尼撒。這個含有預言性的夢不久便實現了，有一天國王因自己的威榮而自命不凡，隨即變成有如瘋子一般，在田間吃草為生，與獸無異，一共過了七年。此後他的神智回復正常，他於是稱頌耶和華的至尊地位。
持批判意见的学者共同认为，但以理书是历史虚构小说，尼布甲尼撒不太可能真的承认耶和华。[6]；他陷入疯狂的时期也属虚构，历史学家将此归因于那波尼德在泰马时的谣言，后来通过异文合并的过程用于尼布甲尼撒身上。
[7]
Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
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