This INDENTURE Witnesseth that James Best a Laborer doth Voluntarily put himself Servant to Captain
Stephen Jones Master of the Snow Sally to serve the said Stephen Jones and his Assigns, for and during the full Space, Time and Term of three Years from the first Day of the said James’ arrival in Philadelphia in AMERICA, during which Time or Term the said Master or his Assigns shall and will find and supply the said James with sufficient Meat, Drink, Apparel, Lodging and all other necessaries befitting such a Servant, and at the end and expiration of said Term, the said James to be made Free, and receive according to the Custom of the Country. Provided nevertheless, and these Presents are on this Condition, that if the said James shall pay the said Stephen Jones or his Assigns 15 Pounds British in twenty one Days after his arrival he shall be Free, and the above Indenture and every Clause therein, absolutely Void and of no Effect. In Witness whereof the said Parties have hereunto interchangeably put their Hands and Seals the 6th Day of July in the Year of our Lord, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy Three in the Presence of the Right Worshipful Mayor of the City of London. (signatures)
Just imported, on board the Snow Sally, Captain Stephen Jones, Master, from England, A number of healthy, stout English and Welsh Servants and Redemptioners, and a few Palatines [Germans], amongst whom are the following tradesmen, viz. Blacksmiths, watch-makers, coppersmiths, taylors, shoemakers, ship-carpenters and caulkers, weavers, cabinet-makers, ship-joiners, nailers, engravers, copperplate printers, plasterers, bricklayers, sawyers and painters. Also schoolmasters, clerks and book-keepers, farmers and laborers, and some lively smart boys, fit for various other employments, whose times are to be disposed of. Inquire of the Captain on board the vessel, off Walnut-street wharf, or of MEASE and CALDWELL.
James Best,
who was under Indenture of Redemption to Captain
Stephen Jones now cancelled in consideration of £ 15,
paid for his Passage from London bound a servant
to David Rittenhouse of the City of Philadelphia
& assigns three years to be found all necessaries.
Text of Whaling Indenture Contract of Isaac Pepenie (Wampanoag Indian) to James Lovell Jr. 1729.:
“Witnesseth that Isaac Pepenie Indian of Falmouth, barnstable laborer, hath . . . of his own free will. . . Bound and obliged himself to Serve James Lovell Junr . . . a Sea faring man, on Diverse Whale Voyages in the several seasons . . . the date of these presents: viz. this winter season in . . . Barnstable, and the next Spring at Nantucket, and former season following in the sloops or vessels that . . . [Lovell] desire[s], all which respective voyages . . . and any and all materials for the performing of sd. Voyages . . . he the said Isaac Pepenie to have one eighth and diet according to costom . . . as shall be needful with his master for the sum of fifteen pounds which he the said James Lovell doth hereby agree to pay for him, . . . then the sd. Pepenie doth by these [agreements] oblige himself to attend [the] Whale Voiages at the order and direction of said James Lovell, his administrators or assigns in manner aforesaid . . . this first day of October in the Eleventh year of His Majesty's Reign ano dom 1729.
Isaac Papenie
Barnstable.
We the subscribers two of his Majestys Justices of the Peace for said County being present at the execution of the premesis do allow and approbate the same as just and reasonable. Danl. Parker, Joseph Lothrop”[43]
契约劳工是十七世纪英国和爱尔兰常见的社会景观。在十七世纪，很多爱尔兰人被带到巴巴多斯。they were recruited elsewhere and were forcibly TAKEN to Barbados? Or did they volunteer to go to Barbados with passage paid by indenture?[需要解释]在1643年，有37,200名白人does not attempt to divide owners from indentured servants. Kind of mean nothing out of context[需要解释]在巴巴多斯(占人口的86%)。[67]在三国之战中，很多苏格兰人和爱尔兰战俘被当做契约劳工，卖到殖民地去。[68]有报道称年青人会被绑架，拐卖成为契约劳工。
Christopher Tomlins, "Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775," Labor History (2001) 42#1 pp 5–43, at p.
Frank R. Diffenderffer, The German Immigration into Pennsylvania Through the Port of Philadelphia, 1700–1775, (1979); this book describes the indenturing process in detail for immigrants from numerous European countries.
The literature on New England Indian indenture, while relatively new is actually vast and growing. John A. Sainsbury, "Indian Labor in Early Rhode Island," New England Quarterly, 48, no. 3 (September 1975), 379–80; David J. Silverman, "The Impact of Indentured Servitude on the Society and Culture of Southern New England Indians, 1680–1810," New England Quarterly 74, no. 4 (Dec. 2001): 622–666; Silverman, Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha’s Vineyard, 1600–1871 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Daniel Mandell, Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996); Jean M. O’Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650–1790 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Jim Coogan, "Slavery and Identured Servitude on Cape Cod," Cape Cod Times, Sunday May 19, 2013.
Perhaps the largest source of information about these indentures are dozens of debt proceedings against Indians in David T. Konig, ed. Plymouth Court Records, 1686–1859, (Wilmington, Del.: Pilgrim Society, 1979–1981); Also important are the contracts reprinted int John Strong, "Sharecropping the Sea: Shinnecock Whalers in the Seventeenth Century," in The Shinnecock Indians: A Culture History, edited by Gaynell Stone [Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Volume VI] (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn Custom Publishing, 1983), 231–263, and in Philip Rabito-Wyppensenwah, "Discovering the Montauketts in Rediscovered Documents," and "Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Native American Whaling on Eastern Long Island," in The History and Archaeology of the Montauk, edited by Gaynell Stone [Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory, volume III] 2nd edition, (Stony Brook, N.Y.: Suffolk County Archaeological Association, 1993), 423–429, 437–444; Other archives containing Indian indenture contracts include contract of Elisha Osborne. Indenture contract, 23 June 1755. Archives, Mashantucket Museum and Research Center, Mashantucket, CT, MSS 191; also, The collection of the Fairfield Historical Society, Connecticut Colonial Records, Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, Volume 1 [Source: http://www.cslib.org/earlygr.html[永久失效連結]], and the library of the Falmouth Historical Society in Falmouth, Mass. has some as well, as does the Historical Society of Old Yarmouth, in Yarmouth, Mass.
Sainsbury, "Indian Labor in Early Rhode Island"; Brian D. Carroll, "From Warrior to Soldiers: New England Indians in the Colonial Military," Ph.D. dissertation (University of Connecticut, 2009); Carroll, "Savages in the Service of Empire: Native American Soldiers in Gorham's Rangers, 1744–1762," New England Quarterly 85, no. 3 (2012): 383–429.
Daniel Vickers, "The First Whalemen of Nantucket," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser. 40 (1983): 560–83, and "Nantucket Whalemen in the Deep-Sea Fishery: The Changing Anatomy of an Early American Labor Force," Journal of American History 72 (1985): 277–96; Elizabeth A. Little, "Indian Contributions to Shore Whaling," Nantucket Algonquian Studies 8 (1973): 38; Mark A. Nicholas, "Mashpee Wampanoags of Cape Cod, the Whalefishery, and Seafaring’s Impact on Community Development," American Indian Quarterly 26 (2002): 162–95; Russell Lawrence Basch, "'Colored' Seamen in the New England Whaling Industry: An Afro-Indian Consortium," in Confounding the Color Line: The Indian-Black Experience in North America, ed. James F. Brooks (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002); John Braginton-Smith and Duncan Oliver, Cape Cod Shore Whaling: America’s First Whalemen (Yarmouth, Mass.: Historical Society of Old Yarmouth, 2004).
Menard, Russel. From Servant to Freeholder: Status Mobility and Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland. William and Mary Quarterly. 1. 1973, 30: 37–64 [50].
Galenson, David. The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis. Journal of Economic History. 1. 1984, 44: 1–26 [10]. doi:10.1017/s002205070003134x.
Abbott Emerson, Smith. Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607–1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1947.
Galenson, David. The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis. Journal of Economic History. 1. 1984, 44: 1–26 [18]. doi:10.1017/s002205070003134x.
Galenson, David. The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis. Journal of Economic History. 1. 1984, 44: 1–26 [21]. doi:10.1017/s002205070003134x.
Salinger, Sharon V. Colonial Labor in Transition: The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Late Eighteenth‐Century Philadelphia. Labor History. 2. 1981, 22: 165–191 [169]. doi:10.1080/00236568108584612.
Salinger, Sharon V. Colonial Labor in Transition: The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Late Eighteenth‐Century Philadelphia. Labor History. 2. 1981, 22: 165–191 [181]. doi:10.1080/00236568108584612.
Galenson, David. The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis. Journal of Economic History. 1. 1984, 44: 1–26 [13]. doi:10.1017/s002205070003134x.
Gordon K. Lewis and Anthony P. Maingot, Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects, 1492–1900 (2004) pp 96–97
Atkinson, James. An account of the state of agriculture & grazing in New South Wales. London: J. Cross. 1826: 110 [2012-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）. On Sir Thomas Brisbane assuming the Government, it was ordered, that all persons should, for every 100 acres of land granted to them, take and keep one convict until the expiration or remission of his sentence.
Perkins, John, Convict Labor and the Australian Agricultural Company, Nicholas, Stephen (编), The Convict Workers: Reinterpeting Australia's Past, Studies in Australian History, Cambridge University Press: 168, 1988 [2012-11-14], ISBN 9780521361262, （原始内容存档于2019-06-20）, A feature of the Australian Agricultural Company's operation at Port Stephens was the simultaneous employment [...] of various forms of labor. The original nucleus of the workforce consisted of indentured servants brought out from Europe on seven-year contracts.
p.15 Duxbury, Jennifer Colonia Servitude: Indentured and Assigned Servants of the Van Diemen's Land Company 1825-1841 Monach Publications in History 1989
Bahadur, Gaiutra: Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture. The University of Chicago (2014) ISBN 978-0-226-21138-1
Higman, B. W. Knight, Franklin W. , 编. General History of the Caribbean: The slave societies of the Caribbean 3 illustrated. UNESCO. 1997: 108. ISBN 978-0-333-65605-1.
Grubb, Farley. The Incidence of Servitude in Trans-Atlantic Migration, 1771–1804. Explorations in Economic History. July 1985, 22 (3): 316–39. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(85)90016-6.
Grubb, Farley. The Disappearance of Organized Markets for European Immigrant Servants in the United States: Five Popular Explanations Reexamined. Social Science History. Spring 1994, 18 (1): 1–30. doi:10.2307/1171397.
Tomlins, Christopher. "Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775," Labor History (2001) 42#1 pp 5–43. new statistical estimates
历史编撰学
Donoghue, John. "Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic: A Brief Survey of the Literature," History Compass (Oct. 2013) 11#10 pp 893–902, DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12088
Abramitzky, Ran; Braggion, Fabio. "Migration and Human Capital: Self-Selection of Indentured Servants to the Americas," Journal of Economic History, Dec 2006, Vol. 66 Issue 4, pp 882–905,
Ballagh, James Curtis. White Servitude In The Colony Of Virginia: A Study Of The System Of Indentured Labor In The American Colonies (1895)
Brown, Kathleen. Goodwives, Nasty Wenches & Anxious Patriachs: gender, race and power in Colonial Virginia, U. of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Hofstadter, Richard. America at 1750: A Social Portrait (Knopf, 1971) pp 33–65 online
Jernegan, Marcus Wilson Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America, 1607-1783 (1931)
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. (Norton, 1975).
Salinger, Sharon V. 'To serve well and faithfully': Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800. (2000)
Khal Torabully and Marina Carter, Coolitude: An Anthology of the Indian Labor Diaspora Anthem Press, London, 2002, ISBN 1-84331-003-1
Zipf, Karin L. Labor of Innocents: Forced Apprenticeship in North Carolina, 1715-1919 (2005).
Whitehead, John Frederick, Johann Carl Buttner, Susan E. Klepp, and Farley Grubb. Souls for Sale: Two German Redemptioners Come to Revolutionary America, Max Kade German-American Research Institute Series, ISBN 0-271-02882-3.
Marion, Pascal. Dictionnaire étymologique du créole réunionnais, mots d'origine asiatique, Carré de sucre, 2009, ISBN 978-2-9529135-0-8
