塌陷又稱塌方、崩塌，是指地质构造、矿井或建築以及隧道结构因雨水沖刷、設計缺陷等原因出現的坍塌和倒塌現象。人們在采矿、挖掘隧道和壕溝時，極易出現塌陷現象。冰川洞和其他冰层结构如果處於溫暖的環境小也非常容易出現崩塌[1][2]。
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