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出生在有馬中務大輔的領地久留米藩，家為富貴人家[參 2][參 3]，拜於三世本因坊道悅門下；後道悅退休，改拜四世本因坊道策為師，此時已六段。之後成為有馬家的棋士[註 1]，授予三百石俸祿[參 1]，之後有馬家請託本因坊家將道玄升為上手，道玄因而成為首位非圍棋四大家家督或跡目卻棋力上手的棋士[參 5]。
道玄與道策五弟子[參 6]（又稱坊門五虎[參 7][參 8]），桑原道節、本因坊道的、星合八碩、本因坊策元、熊谷本碩，合稱「六天王」，後來因為坊門流行病起死了很多人，因而被家中召回[參 2][參 3]。遺下棋譜與道策為先二手合，讓二子局輸二目，但是讓先局下為和局；並與策元分先一勝一敗，與八碩分先亦為一勝一敗[參 1]。
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此為道玄遺譜中，與道策先二手合讓先局，道玄下至和局，可見棋力上手非虛言；原譜只記至第142手[參 9]。
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