希腊字母变体 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
古希腊字母是公元前8世紀至公元前5世紀(也就是古風时期與古典时期),古希臘語諸方言所使用的多種希腊字母變體,被粗略的分為南類群、西類群和東類群,其中東類群又被分為接近老雅典拼寫的「淡藍」類群和接近伊奧尼亞拼寫的「深藍」類群。[1][2]
古希腊字母於公元前4紀逐漸被伊奧尼亞字母所取代,伊奧尼亞字母後來成為通用希臘語的標準字母,也就是現代的大寫希臘字母。現代小寫字母則是從東羅馬帝國的抄寫手稿逐漸發展出來的。[3]
一般依據如何表記送氣清塞音/pʰ/, /kʰ/ 和复辅音/ks/, /ps/ ,來將不同地域的(epichoric, 源於ἐπιχώριος)古希臘字母劃分為四大類群:
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發音 | /ks/ | /ps/ | /pʰ/ | /kʰ/ | |
南類群 | ![]() ![]() |
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西類群 | ![]() ![]() |
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東類群 | 淡藍 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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深藍 | ![]() ![]() |
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伊奧尼亞 | |||||
現代字母 | Ξ | Ψ | Φ | Χ |
南類群有以下顯著的特徵:
綜上所述,南類群保守地繼承腓尼基字母拼寫輔音的方式,但刪去;而且從
演化出來的
並沒有用來拼寫/t̪ʰ/,反而是用從
演化出來的
拼寫;而且
(或簡化筆畫的
)被挪去拼寫/h/,反而不是
。
腓尼基字母 | ![]() /ʔ/ |
![]() /b/ |
![]() /g/ |
![]() /d/ |
![]() /h/ |
![]() /w/ |
![]() /d͡z/ |
![]() /ħ/ |
![]() /tʼ/ |
![]() /j/ |
![]() / kʰ/ |
![]() /l/ |
![]() /m/ |
![]() /n/ |
![]() /ts/ |
![]() /ʕ/ |
![]() / pʰ/ |
![]() /tsʼ/ |
![]() /kʼ/ |
![]() /r/ |
![]() /s/ |
![]() / tʰ/ |
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音位 | /a/ | /b/ | /g/ | /d/ | /e/ | /w/ | /u/ | /d͡z/ | /ɛː/ | /h/ | /t̪ʰ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ks/ | /o/ | /p/ | /s/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /pʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /ps/ | /ɔː/ |
拉科尼亚
Λακωνική |
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阿卡迪亚
Ἀρκαδία |
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阿哈伊亞
Ἀχαΐα |
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伊薩基島
Ἰθάκη |
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色萨利
Θεσσαλία |
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埃维亚岛
Εὔβοια |
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维奥蒂亚
Βοιωτία |
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罗得岛
Ρόδος |
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西類群有以下的特徵:
雖然一般來說,西類群都是以或
表示/ks/;且以雙字母
表示/ps/,但上表展示了許多例外(如伊薩基島以
表示/ks/,阿卡迪亚地區以
表示/ps/)。
腓尼基字母 | ![]() /ʔ/ |
![]() /b/ |
![]() /g/ |
![]() /d/ |
![]() /h/ |
![]() /w/ |
![]() /d͡z/ |
![]() /ħ/ |
![]() /tʼ/ |
![]() /j/ |
![]() / kʰ/ |
![]() /l/ |
![]() /m/ |
![]() /n/ |
![]() /ts/ |
![]() /ʕ/ |
![]() / pʰ/ |
![]() /tsʼ/ |
![]() /kʼ/ |
![]() /r/ |
![]() /s/ |
![]() / tʰ/ |
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音位 | /a/ | /b/ | /g/ | /d/ | /e/ | /w/ | /u/ | /d͡z/ | /ɛː/ | /h/ | /t̪ʰ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ks/ | /o/ | /p/ | /s/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /pʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /ps/ | /ɔː/ |
提洛岛
Δῆλος |
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伊奧尼亞
Ἰωνία |
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尼多斯
Κνίδος |
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迈加拉
Μέγαρα |
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科林斯
Κόρινθος |
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西库昂
Σικυών |
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阿尔戈斯
Ἄργος |
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梯林斯
Τίρυνς |
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以下是本條目所述,不同類群字母的總表:[4]
地區 | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ϝ | Ζ | Η | Ͱ | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο | Π | Ϻ | Ϙ | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
拉科尼亚 | ![]() |
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阿卡迪亚 | ![]() |
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阿哈伊亞 | ![]() ![]() |
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伊薩基島 | ![]() |
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罗得岛 | ![]() |
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古色萨利 | ![]() |
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埃维亚岛 | ![]() |
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维奥蒂亚 | ![]() |
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阿提卡 | ![]() |
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埃伊納島 | ![]() |
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纳克索斯岛 | ![]() |
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帕罗斯岛 | ![]() |
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提洛岛 | ![]() |
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伊奧尼亞 | ![]() |
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尼多斯 | ![]() |
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迈加拉 | ![]() |
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科林斯 | ![]() ![]() |
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西库昂 | ![]() |
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阿尔戈斯 | ![]() |
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梯林斯 | ![]() |
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米洛斯岛 | ![]() |
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克里特岛 | ![]() |
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錫拉島 | ![]() |
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