原始犹他-阿兹特克语

原始犹他－阿兹特克语是犹他－阿兹特克语系的祖语。学界一般认为犹他－阿兹特克语系原乡在美墨边境地区，具体点说是在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州的高地地区，以及相邻的墨西哥索诺拉省和奇瓦瓦省，大致对应索诺拉沙漠和奇瓦瓦沙漠西部。可能在约5000年前由中美洲北端的中石器时代的狩猎采集部落使用。

原始犹他－阿兹特克语
PUA
重建自	犹他－阿兹特克语系
區域	中美洲北端
時代	3000 BC
下層重建	原始纳瓦语

原乡

构拟出的植物词汇能提供一些原始犹他－阿兹特克语的生态环境。Fowler将原始犹他－阿兹特克语定在亚利桑那中部，北部方言在内华达和莫哈韦沙漠，南部方言向南跨过泰皮曼走廊进入墨西哥。^[1]努米语族的原乡曾被认为在加州南部的死亡谷附近，南犹他－阿兹特克语族的原乡则在索诺拉省沿海。^[2]:137

一个相反的假说认为原始犹他－阿兹特克语的原乡在远得多的南方，在2001年首先由简·希尔提出，证据是她构拟出的原始犹他－阿兹特克语的一些与玉米有关的词汇。她的理论认为，假定的原始犹他－阿兹特克语使用者是中美洲玉米农民，逐渐向北迁徙途中也将玉米农业带走，时间大约在4500到3000年前。使用者地理分布的割裂对应语言联合体的破裂。^[3][4]这个理论漏洞百出，犹他-阿兹特克语系研究者们没有广泛接受它。^{[5][6][7][8][9]:346-350}通过计算机系统发育学，Wheeler & Whiteley (2014)^{[10]:113–125}的研究也支持原始犹他－阿兹特克语的南方原乡，在历史上克拉族和部分纳瓦族占据的区域内或周边。纳瓦特尔语形成了Wheeler & Whiteley (2014)的犹他-阿兹特克语系系统发生树的基干部分。Merrill (2012)的农业相关词汇研究发现农业词汇只能构拟进南犹他－阿兹特克语族。这说明原始犹他－阿兹特克语社区尚未发展出农业，从北部进入中美洲后才发展出来。^[11]

2014年David L. Shaul的更近的假说提供了支持原始犹他－阿兹特克语和加利福尼亚中部语言，如艾索伦语和约库赞语支间接触的证据。这使得Shaul认为原始犹他－阿兹特克语曾分布在加利福尼亚中央谷地，是古加利福尼亚语言联盟的一部分。^[12]

音系

元音

原始犹他－阿兹特克语的元音不同寻常：*i *a *u *o *ɨ。Langacker (1970)证明第5个元音应该被拟作*ɨ，而不是*e，针对它的构拟存在长期争议。^{[13][14][2]:136}

辅音

	唇音	舌冠音	硬颚音	软腭音	唇化 软腭音	声门音
塞音	*p	*t		*k	*kʷ	*ʔ
塞擦音		*ts
擦音		*s				*h
鼻音	*m	*n		*ŋ
R音		*r
半元音			*j		*w

*n和*ŋ可能实际上分别是*l和*n。

词汇

下面是部分Stubbs (2011)的原始犹他－阿兹特克词汇。^[15]

缩写

• NUA=北犹他－阿兹特克语族
• SUA=南犹他－阿兹特克语族

词义	原始犹他－阿兹特克语
箭	*huc(a) > *huC
乳房	*piCti(C)
兀鹫、红头美洲鹫	*wiLhukuN
爪	*siCtuN / *suCtuN
烤	*kwasïC / *kwasaC
蟋蟀	*tukaw-capaLa
耳	*nakka / *naNkapa (< *na(N)kasapa ?)
目	*pusi
给	*makaC
手、臂	*man > *ma
头	*mo’o；*ku / *ku’o
心	*suna > SUA *suLa
重	pïttï / *pïttiya / *pïttV’a
脚踝	*tanapiCko / *tamukpi’-(ko)
角	*awaC / *a’awaC
屋、家	*kanni (NUA) / *kaLi (SUA); *ki
丈夫	*kuNa / *kumCa / *kuCma
肝	*nïmaC / *nïmaN
肺	*somCo / *soNCa > *soŋo
月	*mïcaC (< *mancaL ?)
母亲	*yï’ï / *yïC / *yïk; *ya...
口	*tï’na > *tï’ni; *tï’nV-pa > *tï’n-pa > *tïmpa
肚脐	*sikuN / *sikʷuL
脖	*kuta / *kuLa
不，非	*ka / *kay
鼻	*yakaC / *ya’ka; *mupiC / *mukpiC
棉尾兔	*tapuC / *taput
彩虹	*ko(C)-samaLo
路	*poC / *po’ï / *powï
石	*tïmï-ta > *tïN-(pV)
腐烂、脓、感染	*piska / *pisVka
盐	*omCa / *oNCa > oŋa
臭鼬	*huppa; *po(C)ni
天	NUA *tukuN(-pa) > SUA *tVkpa
睡	*ïppïwi / *ïCpïCi / *pïwi; *koci
雪	*kïpa; *nïpa
夏	*taCcaC < *tattaC / *taCcaC
日，一天	*ta-
尾	*kwasi
舌	*Laŋu; *akoN
齿	*tamaC / *tamaN / *taman
尿	*si’i / *si’a
水	*pa / *pa’wi
什么	*han-ta / *hiCta / *hin-ta
何时	*ha-na-’oko
谁	*haka / *haki
风、吹	*hïka / *hïkawa / *hïkwa
冬	*tommo / *toCmo
狼	*cï’ï
1	*sïma’ / *sïmï’; *sïnu
2	*wakay / *wokay
3	*pakay

参考

1. Fowler 1983.
2. Campbell 1997.
3. Hill 2001，[1].
4. Hill 2010，[2].
5. Kemp et al. 2010，[3].
6. Merrill et al. 2010，[4].
7. Brown 2010，[5].
8. Campbell 2003.
9. Campbell & Poser 2008.
10. Wheeler, W. C.; Whiteley, P. M. Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: the evolution and biogeography of Uto‐Aztecan languages (PDF). Cladistics. 2014, 31 (2) [2021-08-20]. doi:10.1111/cla.12078. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-25）.
11. Merrill 2012.
12. Shaul 2014.
13. Langacker 1970，[6].
14. Dakin 1996，[7].
15. Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary. Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services.

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