1971年印巴战争

1971年印巴战争
	印巴战争和孟加拉国独立战争的一部分
日期	1971年12月3日–16日
地点	东线; 东巴基斯坦（现孟加拉）; 西线; 印度与西巴基斯坦边界
结果	印度和孟加拉解放軍胜利。; 东线：; 巴基斯坦军队投降。; 西线：; 巴基斯坦在东部投降后印宣布单方面停火
领土变更	东巴基斯坦作为孟加拉国脱离巴基斯坦独立
参战方
印度孟加拉人民共和國臨時政府; Mukti Bahini（英语：Mukti Bahini）; 非正式支援：; 苏联; 以色列	巴基斯坦东巴基斯坦; 伊朗王國; 约旦; 非正式支援：; 美国; 中國;
指挥官与领导者
总理英迪拉·甘地; 上將薩姆·馬內克肖; ; Lt.Gen. J.S. Arora; Lt.Gen. G.G. Bewoor; Lt.Gen. K. P. Candeth; Lt.Gen. Sagat Singh; J. F. R. Jacob; Adm S. M. Nanda; 印度空軍 ACM Pratap Lal	Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan; LGen Gul Hassan Khan; LGen Tikka Khan; 中将阿米尔·阿都拉汗·尼亚兹 ; 中将阿都·阿里·马烈; LGen Akhtar Hussain Malik ; Iftikhar Janjua; 中将慕查化·哈山; AM Abdul Rahim Khan
兵力
50万人	36.5万人
伤亡与损失
3,843人阵亡 ; 9,851人受伤 ; 1 Frigate; 1架海军飞机 Indian Okha harbour damaged/fueling facilities destroyed.; Damage to western Indian airfields.; 巴基斯坦宣稱擊落130架印度空軍; 印度宣稱被擊落45架 IAF Aircraft;	9,000人阵亡; 4,350人受伤; 97,368人被俘; 2 驱逐舰; 1 扫雷舰; 1 潜艇 ; 3 巡逻舰; 7 炮艇 Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged/fuel tanks destroyed; Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered; Pakistani Claims ; (add the fig here) Indian Claims 94 PAF Aircraft;

1971年印巴战争，也被称为第三次印巴战争，是1971年12月印度与巴基斯坦两国之间的战争。该战争与孟加拉国独立战争密切相关。

事实速览 1971年印巴战争, 日期 ...

关闭

印度、孟加拉及國際上一般認為巴基斯坦在1971年12月3日空襲11個印度空軍基地的「成吉思汗行動」是這次戰爭的開始。^[21]^[22]

戰爭期間，印度與巴基斯坦的軍隊在東部和西部戰場交戰。當東巴基斯坦（今孟加拉國）的巴基斯坦軍隊在1971年12月16日投降時，戰爭在實質上結束，东巴基斯坦亦脫離巴基斯坦成為一個獨立主权國家。在東巴基斯坦，約9萬名巴國武裝部隊人員，包括準軍事人員成為戰俘。^[23]^[24]

1971年8月9日，《印蘇友好合作條約》落地，其中提到了苏联对印度的军事援助。

這次印度與巴基斯坦的衝突由孟加拉國獨立戰爭引發。

1971年3月27日，巴基斯坦軍隊一名少校齊亞·拉赫曼以謝赫·穆吉布·拉赫曼的名義宣佈孟加拉獨立。^[25]4月，孟加拉國人民聯盟領導人在梅黑爾布爾縣成立一個臨時政府。東巴基斯坦步槍隊變節支持叛亂者。由正規軍及游擊隊組成的孟加拉部隊「解放軍」成立。^[26]

巴基斯坦軍隊在東巴基斯坦發動探照燈行動，進行針對孟加拉族的屠殺，^[27]特別是印度教徒少數族裔、知識分子及民族主義者，^[28]^[29]引致約1000萬人^[28]^[30]從東巴基斯坦逃入印度避難。^[27]^[31]這股難民潮在經濟上對印度構成沉重負擔。^[29]

印度總理英迪拉·甘地在1971年3月27日表示她的政府全力支持東巴基斯坦人民的獨立鬥爭。稍後流亡的東巴基斯坦軍官聯合印度情報人員，開始在難民營招募及訓練解放軍游擊隊員。^[32]

本次战争导致孟加拉国脱离巴基斯坦独立。印度接受巴基斯坦提出的联合国军停战方案。

三叉戟行动 (1971年)

[1]
Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2008: 166. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia
[2]
Kemp, Geoffrey. The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. 2010: 52. ISBN 978-0-8157-0388-4. However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India
[3]
Byman, Daniel. Deadly connections: states that sponsor terrorism. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 159. ISBN 978-0-521-83973-0. India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972
[4]
Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers. Global Security. [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-17）.
[5]
Official Government of India Statement giving numbers of KIA, Parliament of India Website （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
[6]
存档副本. [2012-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-23）.
[7]
DAMAGE ASSESMENT - 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR. Orbat.com. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-19）.
[8]
1971 Indo/Pak Naval War. Pakdef.info. 1971-12-04 [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-02）.
[9]
Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-01）.
[10]
Air Chief Marshal P C Lal. My Days with the IAF. 1986: 286. ISBN 978-81-7062-008-2.
[11]
存档副本. [2011-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-08）.
[12]
John Pike. Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience. Globalsecurity.org. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）.
[13]
PAKISTAN AIR FORCE - Official website. Paf.gov.pk. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-15）.
[14]
IAF COMBAT KILLS – 1971 INDO-PAK AIR WAR (PDF). orbat.com. [20 December 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-01-13）.
[15]
Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 9780415976626.
[16]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Global Security. [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-26）.
[17]
The Sinking of the Ghazi. Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2). [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-28）.
[18]
Operations in the Bay of Bengal: The Loss of PNS/M Ghazi. PakDef. [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-20）.
[19]
How west was won...on the waterfront. tribuneindia. [24 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-30）.
[20]
India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I. acig.com. [22 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-01）.
[21]
Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army. Los Angeles Times. 30 March 2002 [11 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-11）.
[22]
Cohen, Stephen. The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. 2004: 382 [2012-04-07]. ISBN 978-0-8157-1502-3. （原始内容存档于2020-01-28）.
[23]
Haqqani, Hussain. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1., Chapter 3, pp 87.
[24]
Burke, Samuel Martin. Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies. University Of Minnesota Press. 1974: 216 [2012-04-07]. ISBN 978-0-8166-5714-8. （原始内容存档于2013-05-24）.
[25]
Qureshi, Hakeem Arshad. Through the 1971 Crisis: An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier. Oxford University Press. 2003: 33. ISBN 978-0-19-579778-7.
[26]
Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany), p35-109, ISBN 978-984-8866-18-4
[27]
The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles. Time Magazine, 20 December 1971. 20 December 1971 [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）.
[28]
U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp.
[29]
East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep. Time Magazine, 25 October 1971. 25 October 1971 [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-08）.
[30]
India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace. Time Magazine, 27 December 1971. 27 December 1971 [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）.
[31]
Indo-Pakistani Wars. MSN Encarta. [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-01）.
[32]
I had to find troops for Dhaka. Rediff News, 14 December 2006. [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-25）.

[Lyon-1] [1]
Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2008: 166. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia

[Kemp-2] [2]
Kemp, Geoffrey. The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. 2010: 52. ISBN 978-0-8157-0388-4. However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India

[Byman-3] [3]
Byman, Daniel. Deadly connections: states that sponsor terrorism. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 159. ISBN 978-0-521-83973-0. India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972

[glo-4] [4]
Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers. Global Security. [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-17）.

[lsqh-5] [5]
Official Government of India Statement giving numbers of KIA, Parliament of India Website （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[6] [6]
存档副本. [2012-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-23）.

[7] [7]
DAMAGE ASSESMENT - 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR. Orbat.com. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-19）.

[pakdef.info-8] [8]
1971 Indo/Pak Naval War. Pakdef.info. 1971-12-04 [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-02）.

[ReferenceB-9] [9]
Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-01）.

[Lal-10] [10]
Air Chief Marshal P C Lal. My Days with the IAF. 1986: 286. ISBN 978-81-7062-008-2.

[indiadefenceupdate.com-11] [11]
存档副本. [2011-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-08）.

[globalsecurity.org-12] [12]
John Pike. Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience. Globalsecurity.org. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）.

[13] [13]
PAKISTAN AIR FORCE - Official website. Paf.gov.pk. [2012-07-27]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-15）.

[Combat_Kills-14] [14]
IAF COMBAT KILLS – 1971 INDO-PAK AIR WAR (PDF). orbat.com. [20 December 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-01-13）.

[Pradhan-15] [15]
Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 9780415976626.

[GlobalSecurity-16] [16]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Global Security. [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-26）.

[BR-17] [17]
The Sinking of the Ghazi. Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2). [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-28）.

[ghazi1-18] [18]
Operations in the Bay of Bengal: The Loss of PNS/M Ghazi. PakDef. [20 October 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-20）.

[19] [19]
How west was won...on the waterfront. tribuneindia. [24 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-30）.

[20] [20]
India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I. acig.com. [22 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-01）.

[LATimes-21] [21]
Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army. Los Angeles Times. 30 March 2002 [11 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-11）.

[IoP-22] [22]
Cohen, Stephen. The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. 2004: 382 [2012-04-07]. ISBN 978-0-8157-1502-3. （原始内容存档于2020-01-28）.

[mosq-mill-23] [23]
Haqqani, Hussain. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1., Chapter 3, pp 87.

[24] [24]
Burke, Samuel Martin. Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies. University Of Minnesota Press. 1974: 216 [2012-04-07]. ISBN 978-0-8166-5714-8. （原始内容存档于2013-05-24）.

[Qureshi-25] [25]
Qureshi, Hakeem Arshad. Through the 1971 Crisis: An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier. Oxford University Press. 2003: 33. ISBN 978-0-19-579778-7.

[26] [26]
Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany), p35-109, ISBN 978-984-8866-18-4

[uspol-27] [27]
The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles. Time Magazine, 20 December 1971. 20 December 1971 [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）.

[usconsulate_cable_march31-28] [28]
U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp.

[time.oct25-1971-29] [29]
East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep. Time Magazine, 25 October 1971. 25 October 1971 [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-08）.

[tie-30] [30]
India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace. Time Magazine, 27 December 1971. 27 December 1971 [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-24）.

[MSN_Encarta-31] [31]
Indo-Pakistani Wars. MSN Encarta. [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-01）.

[32] [32]
I had to find troops for Dhaka. Rediff News, 14 December 2006. [2009-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-25）.

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1971年印巴战争

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1971年印巴战争

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背景

印度在孟加拉國獨立戰爭的參與

战争后果

参见

參考資料