交配型

交配型（Mating type）是同種微生物中不能互相交配的亞型，可能為性別的前身^[1]。交配型常用於指涉同配生殖的生物，其配子的大小相同，沒有精細胞與卵細胞之分，因此不以「雌性」與「雄性」稱之，而是以不同數字、字母或「+」和「−」來表示^[1]。例如釀酒酵母負責控制交配型的基因為MAT基因（英语：Mating-type locus），因此基因的基因型不同而可分為MATa與MATα兩種交配型^[2]^[3]。有些擔子菌門真菌因有數個控制交配型的基因，共有多達上千種交配型^[4]。有些生物為雌雄同體，即一個個體可以同時產生雌配子與雄配子，但同時仍有交配型之分，只有不同交配型的個體之間可以交配，如許多子囊菌門真菌、纖毛蟲等^[5]。

交配型在演化上出現的時間早於異配生殖^[6]。某些類群中性別可能是由交配型直接演化而來^[7]，有研究顯示異配生殖的綠藻Pleodorina starrii（英语：Pleodorina starrii）中控制性別的基因與同配生殖的萊茵衣藻（英语：Chlamydomonas reinhardtii）中控制交配型的基因為同源^[8]。交配型的演化可能與基因組內部衝突有關^[9]，個體若同時自雙親細胞中獲得粒線體與葉綠體等胞器，可能會發生異源胞器的競爭而使其適存度下降^[5]。

有性生殖的演化

[1]
mating type. Oxford Reference. [2021-08-26].
[2]
Yoder, O.C.; Valent, Barbara; Chumley, Forrest. Genetic Nomenclature and Practice for Plant Pathogenic Fungi (PDF). Phytopathology. 1986, 76 (4): 383–385 [11 November 2015]. doi:10.1094/phyto-76-383. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-17）.
[3]
Hanson, Sara J; Wolfe, Kenneth H. An Evolutionary Perspective on Yeast Mating-Type Switching. Genetics. 2017-05-01, 206 (1): 9–32. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 5419495 . PMID 28476860. doi:10.1534/genetics.117.202036.
[4]
Casselton LA. Mate recognition in fungi. Heredity. 2002, 88 (2): 142–147. PMID 11932772. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800035 .
[5]
Perrin, Nicolas. WHAT USES ARE MATING TYPES? THE “DEVELOPMENTAL SWITCH” MODEL: PERSPECTIVE. Evolution. 2012-04, 66 (4): 947–956. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01562.x.
[6]
Andersson, Malte. Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press. 1994-06-16: 4 [2024-04-13]. ISBN 978-0-691-00057-2. （原始内容存档于2023-05-03）.
[7]
Perrin, Nicolas. What Uses Are Mating Types? The "Developmental Switch" Model. Evolution. 2012-04-06, 66 (4): 947–956 [2024-04-13]. PMID 22486681. S2CID 5798638. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01562.x. （原始内容存档于2023-04-30）.
[8]
Nozaki, Hisayoshi; Mori, Toshiyuki; Misumi, Osami; Matsunaga, Sachihiro; Kuroiwa, Tsuneyoshi. Males evolved from the dominant isogametic mating type. Current Biology. 2006-12-19, 16 (24): R1018–1020. Bibcode:2006CBio...16R1018N. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 17174904. S2CID 15748275. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.019 .
[9]
Hill, Geoffrey E. Mitonuclear Ecology. Oxford University Press. 2019-04-30: 115 [2024-04-13]. ISBN 978-0-19-881825-0. （原始内容存档于2023-05-12）.

[ox-1] [1]
mating type. Oxford Reference. [2021-08-26].

[phyto-2] [2]
Yoder, O.C.; Valent, Barbara; Chumley, Forrest. Genetic Nomenclature and Practice for Plant Pathogenic Fungi (PDF). Phytopathology. 1986, 76 (4): 383–385 [11 November 2015]. doi:10.1094/phyto-76-383. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-17）.

[3] [3]
Hanson, Sara J; Wolfe, Kenneth H. An Evolutionary Perspective on Yeast Mating-Type Switching. Genetics. 2017-05-01, 206 (1): 9–32. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 5419495 . PMID 28476860. doi:10.1534/genetics.117.202036.

[Casselton-4] [4]
Casselton LA. Mate recognition in fungi. Heredity. 2002, 88 (2): 142–147. PMID 11932772. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800035 .

[Perrin-5] [5]
Perrin, Nicolas. WHAT USES ARE MATING TYPES? THE “DEVELOPMENTAL SWITCH” MODEL: PERSPECTIVE. Evolution. 2012-04, 66 (4): 947–956. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01562.x.

[Andersson_42-6] [6]
Andersson, Malte. Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press. 1994-06-16: 4 [2024-04-13]. ISBN 978-0-691-00057-2. （原始内容存档于2023-05-03）.

[Perrin-2012-7] [7]
Perrin, Nicolas. What Uses Are Mating Types? The "Developmental Switch" Model. Evolution. 2012-04-06, 66 (4): 947–956 [2024-04-13]. PMID 22486681. S2CID 5798638. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01562.x. （原始内容存档于2023-04-30）.

[Nozaki-2006-8] [8]
Nozaki, Hisayoshi; Mori, Toshiyuki; Misumi, Osami; Matsunaga, Sachihiro; Kuroiwa, Tsuneyoshi. Males evolved from the dominant isogametic mating type. Current Biology. 2006-12-19, 16 (24): R1018–1020. Bibcode:2006CBio...16R1018N. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 17174904. S2CID 15748275. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.019 .

[9] [9]
Hill, Geoffrey E. Mitonuclear Ecology. Oxford University Press. 2019-04-30: 115 [2024-04-13]. ISBN 978-0-19-881825-0. （原始内容存档于2023-05-12）.

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交配型

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參見

參考文獻