二体问题 (职业)

二体问题^[1]（two-body problem）是学术伉俪（配偶或其他任何形式的伴侣）面临的困境，即双方很难在同一所学术机构或通勤距离合理的大学就职。^[2]

一方无法适应另一方，就会产生这种困境，造成一种雙輸的局面。如果夫妻希望继续在一起，其中一方可能被迫放弃学术生涯，或者如果双方都希望从事学术事业，由于夫妻双方经常分居，这种关系可能会破裂。^[3]自1990年代中期以来，「二體問題」一词一直用于指代在职夫妻。^[4]

美国超过70%的学术教师处于双方都在工作的关系中，超过三分之一的教师的伴侣也在学术界工作。^[5]

传统上，解决这个问题的方法是妻子打断自己的事业，支持丈夫的事业，通常还会存在一种积极歧视女性（尤其是已婚女性）的学术晋升制度。^[6]过去一些明显的性别歧视已经得到改善，许多大学已经设立了配偶聘用（spousal hiring）计划或其他创造性的方法来解决这个问题。^[7]尽管如此，性别妥协的压力仍然存在^[8]，并导致大量女性离开学术界。^[9]

引用

1. ROGGE; REGIER; 姜天海. 科研“夫妻档”. 科学新闻. 2018, (2): 92–93.CNKI KXXE201802033
2. Bunker, B. B., Zubek, J. M., Vanderslice, V. J., & Rice, R. W. (1992). Quality of life in dual-career families: Commuting versus single-residence couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 399-407.
3. Benton, Thomas H. (pen name of William Pannapacker) (2009). "Just Don't Go, Part 2". The Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 March 2009, accessed 21 June 2012.
4. McNeil, Laurie. REPORT ON THE DUAL-CAREER-COUPLE SURVEY.
5. Londa Schiebinger; Andrea Davies Henderson; Shannon K. Gilmartin. Dual-Career Academic Couples: What Universities Need to Know. The Clayman Institute for Gender Research. [19 March 2012].
6. Shover, Michele. Married Academic Women: "Go to the End of the Line". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. Spring 1978, 3 (1): 56–61. JSTOR 3345994. doi:10.2307/3345994.
7. Landau, Susan. Universities and the two-body problem (PDF). Case, Bettye Anne; Leggett, Anne M. (编). Complexities: Women in Mathematics. Princeton University Press. 2005: 253–255. ISBN 0-691-11462-5.
8. Wong, Jaclyn. Competing Desires: How Young Adult Couples Negotiate Moving for Career Opportunities. Gender & Society. 16 March 2017, 31 (2): 171–196. S2CID 152139751. doi:10.1177/0891243217695520.
9. Larson, Samantha June; Miller, Annie; Drury, Ida. Reflections on tenure, the two-body problem, and retention in the 21st century academy. Journal of Public Affairs Education. May 2020, 26 (4): 506–530. S2CID 219415508. doi:10.1080/15236803.2020.1759346.