義和團
来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
义和团，又称“义和拳”、“义民会”、“梅花拳”等，是一个兴起于中国北部的秘密结社[2][3]。该组织曾于1899年至1901年期间于清朝各地发起义和团运动[4]。
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义和团起初由当时中国北方各地的独立村庄组织形成，由于是秘密结社因此许多成员的身份不得而知，故而难以精确估计参与者的总数，但可能多达数十万人。义和团在运动初期主要攻击清廷[5]，但很快便转而呼吁“扶清灭洋”，在支持清政府的同时抵制外国势力[6][7]。
自1900年夏起，义和团成员开始大规模破坏当时在华外国人所拥有的财产，如铁路和电报等现代设施，同时成批抓捕并杀害基督教传教士与中国基督徒[8]。此后义和团开始拥护慈禧太后，并在之后参与抵抗由此引发的联军入侵，而后者近乎完全毁灭了义和团并最终结束了该运动，但其部分成员事后继续参与了中国各地的其他秘密团体活动[9][10]。
名称
在英语世界里，义和团因其成员大多练习中国武术（当时被称为“中国拳击”，即“Chinese boxing”）而被通称为“拳民”（Boxers）[11][12]。尽管该组织及其前身自19世纪80年代中期起便已普遍存在于民间，但其首次被外界称为“义民会”是在1899年清朝为解决山东和直隶两省的动乱而提交的一份报告中[13]。这一称呼在后续的报告中被证明是一个错误，其实际名称应为“义和团”[14]。
义和团曾于1898年期间被称为“梅花拳”，但该名称于在1899年以后几乎不再使用[15]。
起源
清朝年间的一些秘密结社组织，如大刀会和白莲教等，往往具有重大的力量与影响力。这些组织经常通过其武装成员，利用当时中国许多地区缺乏秩序以及腐败猖獗等现象来对广大偏远甚至中心地区施加控制并传播影响[16]。
义和拳，被演绎为推广和谐和正义的拳法，早在义和团运动很早以前就出现了。1779年，清政府调查了谣言，据此，一个姓杨的男子在山东冠县中实践义和拳，尽管当局无法确认[17]。
尽管起源于山东和河北的义和团运动将打算通过暴力来减轻政府对全中国的影响力，但该组织也试图消除所有渗透清王朝的外国影响力。 该组织与其它秘密结社在消除基督徒的努力中有着深远的联系，正如1896年7月4日可以看出的那样，袭击了山东西部德国传教士的组织，后来受到义和团的控制[15]。
该运动最初是在19世纪80年代中期以类似目标的各种结社合成的，以当地有影响力的人士，诸如河北的张德成和山东的朱红灯，都直接领导着规模小但忠诚的小团体。这些小团体协助当地的执法人员控制民众，以减少清政府和外国人，尤其是基督徒的影响。
已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。
During 1898, the previously separate Boxer groups in Shandong and Hebei would fall under much more direct leadership, with the establishment of structure into the group in the form of ranks. This would also involve the renaming of the group into the "Plum Blossom Fists". However, the name-change was not used past 1898, with the name "Fists of Harmony and Justice" used instead.[15]
On 23 May 1898, an investigation was made by the 光绪帝 into disturbances in the Shandong-Zhili border region by a supposed "National Righteousness Group", with the possibility of 10,000 Boxer soldiers being under group command in this region. A representative of the monarchy, Zhang Rumei, would be sent along with an army to put down any unrest in the region. The result of the meeting was not negative, with Zhang reporting that there was no trouble in the region, along with more accurate reports on the group's smaller numbers.
The movement was primarily composed of peasants, to which were added idle youth, ruined artisans, and laid-off workers.[18] Some Boxer recruits were disbanded imperial soldiers and local militiamen.[19]
冲突
已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。
In March 1898, the Boxers started to agitate the population in the streets with the slogan "Uphold the Qing, destroy foreigners!". Their main leader was Cao Futian.[11] Other leaders in Zhili Province were Liu Chengxiang, and Zhang Decheng.
After a battle with the Imperial troops in October 1899, the Boxers focused mainly on missionaries and Christian activities, as they were considered "tainting the purity of the Chinese culture". The Qing government was divided towards how to react to the Boxer's activities. The conservative element of the court was in favour of them. Prince Duan, a fervent supporter of their cause, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi.[20] At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show support.[21]
At the beginning of June 1900, about 450 men of the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived in Beijing to protect the foreign legations under siege by the Boxers and Imperial Army, in what was the Siege of the International Legations. The Boxers were at their peak, now supported by some elements of the Imperial Army. They changed their slogan to "Support the Qing, destroy foreigners!".[22]
The Boxers multiplied their murderous actions against foreigners and Chinese Christians. In Beijing, the Boxers were officially placed under command of members of the Court, such as Prince Duan. During the Rebellion, the Boxers, fighting troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance with close combat weapons or even their own hands, were decimated. After the conflict, The Empress Dowager Ci Xi ordered the repression of the remaining Boxers, in an attempt to calm the foreign nations.[23]
流行文化
义和团运动在尼古拉斯·雷执导的电影《北京55日》（1963）中有所描述。
杨谨伦的系列漫画《义和团和殉教徒》（Boxers and Saints）中描绘了义和团。主角李宝（Lee Bao）成为义和团运动的领袖。
1976年，张彻执导的邵氏电影《八国联军》生动地刻画了义和团运动。这部电影于1980年由World Northal公司在美国发行，名为《血腥复仇者》（The Bloody Avengers）。义和团也出现在电影《十八般武艺》（1982）和《上海正午2：上海骑士》（2003）中。红灯照是一个隶属于义和团的全女性团体，在电影《黄飞鸿之四：王者之风》（1993）中有所描绘。Netflix的电视剧《孙家兄弟》（2024）在情节中化用了义和团的名字和部分意识形态，以塑造一个主要的主角群体。
参见
书目
- Bickers, Robert A.; R. G. Tiedemann (eds.) (2007). The Boxers, China, and the World. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5394-1.
- Buck, David D. (1987). "Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement", Chinese Studies in History 20. Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People's Republic.
- Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
Revised. Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780231106511. - Elliott, Jane E. Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 2002. ISBN 962-201-973-0.
- Esherick, Joseph W. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. U of California Press. 1987. ISBN 0-520-06459-3.
- Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. New York: Walker. 2000. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0. British title: Besieged in Peking: The Story of the 1900 Boxer Rising (London: Constable, 1999).
参考文献
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