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来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
在第二次世界大战期间,大约200,000名[4][5][6][7]波兰裔儿童及人数不详的其他族裔儿童被强行运送到纳粹德国进行强迫劳动、用于人体实验或德国化。
这种行动的目标之一是得到具有雅利安人種-北歐人種特征的儿童并将其“德国化”。纳粹德国认为这些儿童是移居至波兰的德国人后代。那些被认为具有“种族价值”的人在中心被强行日耳曼化,然后被送进德国家庭和党卫军家庭学校。[8]
一个名为“被绑架的儿童——被遗忘的受害者” (德語:Geraubte Kinder – Vergessene Opfer e.V.)的组织代表了相关的受害者在德国进行活动。[9]
In a well-known speech to his military commanders at Obersalzberg on 22 August 1939, Adolf Hitler condoned the killing without pity or mercy of all men, women, and children of Polish race or language.[10]
On 7 November 1939, Hitler decreed that 海因里希·希姆莱, whose German title at that time was Reichskomissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums, would be responsible for policy regarding the population of occupied territories. The plan to kidnap Polish children most likely was created in a document titled Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP.[11]
On 25 November 1939, Himmler was sent a 40-page document titled (in English translation) "The issue of the treatment of population in former Polish territories from a racial-political view."[11] The last chapter of the document concerns "racially valuable" Polish children and plans to forcefully acquire them for German plans and purposes:
we should exclude from deportations racially valuable children and raise them in old Reich in proper educational facilities or in German family care. The children must not be older than eight or ten years, because only till this age we can truly change their national identification, that is "final Germanization". A condition for this is complete separation from any Polish relatives. Children will be given German names, their ancestry will be led by special office.[11]
On 15 May 1940, in a document titled (in German) Einige Gedanken ueber die Behandlung der Fremdenvoelker im Osten ("A Few Thoughts about the Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East"), and in another "top-secret memorandum with limited distribution, dated 25 May 1940", titled (in English translation) "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", Himmler defined special directives for the kidnapping of Polish children.[10][12] Himmler "also outlined the administration of incorporated Poland and the 波蘭總督府, where Poles were to be assigned to compulsory labor, and racially selected children were to be abducted and Germanized."[10]
Among Himmler's core points:[11]
On 20 June 1940, Hitler approved Himmler's directives, ordering copies to be sent to chief organs of the SS, to 大區長官s in German-occupied territories in Central Europe, and to the governor of General Government, and commanding that the operation of kidnapping Polish children in order to seek Aryan descendants for Germanisation be a priority in those territories.[14][6][7]
Himmler mused on initiating similar projects in 第二次世界大战德占法国军事管辖区. Hitler's Table Talk records him expressing his belief that "the 法兰西人 problem" would be best solved by yearly extractions of a number of racially healthy children, chosen from "France's Germanic population". He preferred they be placed in German 寄宿学校s, in order to separate them from their "incidental" French nationality, and to make them aware of their "Germanic blood". Hitler responded that the "religious 小資產階級 tendencies of the French people" would make it almost impossible to "salvage the Germanic elements from the claws of the 統治階級 of that country".[15] 马丁·鲍曼 believed it to be an ingenious policy, noting it in the document record as a [sic] "sinister theory!".[15]
The conditions of transfer were very harsh, as the children did not receive food or water for many days. Many children died as a result of suffocation in the summer and cold in the winter.[16] Polish railway workers, often risking their lives, tried to feed the imprisoned children or to give them warm clothes. Sometimes the German guards could be bribed with jewelry or gold to allow the supplies to go through, and in other cases they sold some of the children to Poles.[16] In 比得哥什 and 格丁尼亚, Poles bought children for 40 Reichsmarks. In some places the German price for a Polish child was 25 zlotys.[17]
The children were kidnapped by force, often after their parents had been murdered in concentration camps or shot as "partisans", including a handful of the children of 利迪策.[18] These children would not be permitted to remain even with other living relatives.[19] Some were purportedly from German soldiers and foreign mothers, and others were declared "German orphans" who had been raised by non-German families.[20] Indeed, orphanages and children's homes, along with children living with 寄養s, were among the first groups targeted, in the belief that Poles deliberately and systemically Polonized ethnically German children.[21]
Later the children were sent to special centres and institutions or to, as Germans called them, "children education camps" (Kindererziehungslager), which, in reality, were selection camps where their "racial values" were tested, their original metrics of birth destroyed, and their Polish names changed to German names, as part of Germanisation. Those children who were classified as "of little value" were sent to 奥斯威辛集中营 or to 特雷布林卡灭绝营.[17]
The children were placed in special temporary camps of the health department, or 生命之泉 e.V., called in German Kindererziehungslager ("children's education camps"). Afterwards they went through special "quality selection" or "racial selection" – a detailed racial examination, combined with psychological tests and medical exams made by experts from 黨衛隊人種與移居部 or doctors from Gesundheitsamt (health department). A child's "racial value" would determine to which of 11 racial types it was assigned, including 62 points assessing body proportions, eye colour, hair colour, and the shape of the skull.
During this testing process, children were divided into three groups (in English translation):
The failures that could result in a child, otherwise fitting all racial criteria, into the second group included such traits as "round-headed" referring to the skull shape. Children could be declared the third group for 结核病, "degenerate" skull shape, or for "Gypsy characteristics".[23] A girl who was later identified by a small birthmark would have been rejected had the birthmark been much larger.[24]
These racial exams determined the fate of children: whether they would be killed, or sent to concentration camps, or experience other consequences. For example, after forcibly taking a child away from his or her parents, "medical exams" could be performed in secret and in disguise.[25]
Many Nazis were astounded at the number of Polish children found to exhibit "Nordic" traits, but assumed that all such children were genuinely German children, who had been 波蘭化; 漢斯·法郎克 summoned up such views when he declared, "When we see a blue-eyed child we are surprised that he is speaking Polish."[17] Among those children thought to be genuinely German were children whose parents had been executed for resisting Germanization.[26]
Once selected, the children between six and twelve were sent to special homes. Their names were altered to similar-sounding German ones.[27] They were compelled to learn German and beaten if they persisted in speaking Polish.[28] They were informed their parents were dead even if they were not.[26] Children who would not learn German or remembered their Polish origin were sent back to youth camps in Poland.[29] In some cases, the efforts were so successful that the children lived and died believing themselves to be Germans.[17]
The authorities were reluctant to let the children be officially adopted, as the proceedings might reveal their Polish origin. Indeed, some children were maltreated when their adoptive parents learned that they were Polish.[26] Adoption was also problematic because surveillance or more information might reveal problems with the child. When it was learned that Rosalie K's mother was epileptic, for instance, it was immediately concluded, despite the wishes of her German foster parents, that Germanization, education and adoption were therefore not justifiable. When adoptive parents demanded adoption certificates, such records were forged for them.[30]
Those children who did not pass harsh Nazi exams and criteria and who were therefore selected during the operation, were sent as test subjects for 納粹人體實驗 in special centres. Children sent there ranged from eight months to 18 years. Two such centres were located in German-occupied Poland. One of them, Medizinische Kinderheilanstalt, was in 盧布利涅茨 in 上西里西亞 – in this centre children were also subject to forced "安乐死"; while the second was located in 切申. Children were given 精神药物 drugs, chemicals and other substances for medical tests, although it was generally known that the true purpose of those procedures was their mass extermination.[31]
At 奥斯威辛集中营 200 to 300 Polish children from the 扎莫希奇 area were murdered by the Nazis by 苯酚 injections. The child was placed on a stool, occasionally blindfolded with a piece of a towel. The person performing the execution then placed one of his hands on the back of the child's neck and another behind the shoulder blade. As the child's chest was thrust out a long needle was used to inject a toxic dose of phenol into the chest. The children usually died in minutes. A witness described the process as deadly efficient: "As a rule not even a moan would be heard. And they did not wait until the doomed person really died. During his agony, he was taken from both sides under the armpits and thrown into a pile of corpses in another room… And the next victim took his place on the stool."[32]
To trick the soon-to-be murdered children into obedience Germans promised them that they would work at a brickyard. However another group of children, young boys by the age of 8 to 12, managed to warn their fellow child inmates by calling for help when they were being killed by the Nazis: "Mamo! Mamo!" ('Mom! Mom!'), the dying screams of the youngsters, were heard by several inmates and made an indelible haunting impression on them.'"[32]
The extent of the program became clear to Allied forces over the course of months, as they found groups of "Germanized" children and became aware that many more were in the German population. Locating these children turned up their stories of forcible instruction in the German language and how the failures were killed.[33] Teams were constituted to search for the children, a particularly important point when dealing with institutions, where a single investigator could only interview a few children before all the rest were coached to provide false information. Many children had to be lured into speaking the truth; as for instance complimenting their German and asking how long they had spoken it, and only when told that a nine-year-old had spoken German for four years, pointing out that they must have spoken before then, whereupon the child could be brought to admit to having spoken Polish.[34] Some children suffered emotional trauma when they were removed from their adoptive German parents, often the only parents they remembered, and returned to their biological parents, when they no longer remembered Polish, only German. The older children generally remembered Poland; ones as young as ten had forgotten much, but could often be reminded by such things as Polish nursery rhymes; the youngest had no memories that could be recalled.[24]
Allied forces made efforts to repatriate them. However, many children, particularly Polish and Yugoslavian who were among the first taken, declared on being found that they were German. Russian and Ukrainian children, while not gotten to this stage, still had been taught to hate their native countries and did not want to return.[35] While many foster parents voluntarily brought forth well-cared-for children, other children proved to be abused or used for labour, and still others went to great efforts to hide the children.[36]
After the war, The United States of America v. Ulrich Greifelt, et al., or the RuSHA Trial, the eighth of the twelve 纽伦堡审判, dealt with the kidnapping of children by the Nazis.[37] Many children testified, although many of their parents were afraid to let them return to Germany.[38] From 1947 to 1948, the 纽伦堡审判 ruled that the abductions, exterminations, and Germanization constituted 种族灭绝.[39]
Only 10 to 15 percent of those abducted returned to their homes.[40] When Allied effort to identify such children ceased, 13,517 inquiries were still open, and it was clear that German authorities would not be returning them.[41]
In a plan called "Heuaktion", described in a "top secret" memorandum submitted to German Interior Minister 海因里希·希姆莱 on 10 June 1944, 党卫队–親衛隊上級集團領袖 戈特洛布·贝格尔 – Chief of the Political Directing Staff (head of the SS main leadership office in Berlin), a co-author of Himmler's pamphlet Der 次等人類, and a promoter of the pamphlet Mit Schwert und Wiege (With Sword and Cradle) for the recruitment of non-Germans – proposed that the German 第9軍團 (德意志國防軍) "evacuate" 40,000–50,000 children between 10 and 14 from the "territory of 中央集團軍" to work for the Third Reich.[42]
Heuaktion was not widely implemented, due in part perhaps to the following arguments against it: "The Minister [Himmler] feared that the action would have most unfavourable political consequences, that it would be regarded as abduction of children, and that the juveniles did not represent a real asset to the enemy's military strength anyhow.... The Minister would like to see the action confined to the 15–17 year olds."[42] Between March and October 1944, however, 28,000 children between the ages of 10 and 18 were deported from Belarus for work in the German arms industry.[43][44]
据波兰官方估计,1940年至1945年间,大约有20万波兰儿童被纳粹绑架。[14][6][7] William Rubinstein引用了这一数字。[2]
据Dirk Moses估计,波兰有20,000名儿童被绑架,苏联有20,000名,西欧和东南欧有10,000名。[3][1][45]
Tadeusz Piotrowski 在他的著作《波兰的大屠杀》中指出约有200,000 名波兰儿童被绑架,其中只有15%到20%在战后被父母或波兰政府收回。[46]
Tara Zahra认为,the number of children taken from their parents includes 40,000 to 50,000 children taken as part of Heuaktion for forced labour from Belarus, 28,000 Soviet youth "under the age of eighteen" taken for labour by the Luftwaffe, "tens of thousands" of Polish, Czech, Slovenian and Silesian children taken during evacuations after which they ended up in orphanages and Hitler Youth camps, unspecified number of children taken by force from women working as forced labour in Germany, and 20,000–50,000 "deliberately kidnapped" in Eastern Europe.[1] Additional non-German-speaking children were evacuated along with German civilians, while tens of thousands of foreign children were recruited as 第二次世界大战期间德国统治下的强迫劳动 or born to female forced labourers in Germany. Confusion between 德意志裔人 and non-German children was another factor that led to inflated estimates.[1] The modern association "Stolen children. Forgotten victims" representing victims of this operation presented the following estimates as of 2018:
Post-war estimates on kidnapped children vary depending on criteria used; Isabell Heinemann in the documentary "Kinderraub der Nazis. Die vergessenen Opfer" stated that her research team identified 20,000 Polish children kidnapped who passed the Germanization criteria and were integrated into the Lebensborn program. While Polish estimates, for example, include children taken under different conditions, such as those taken away forcefully from women working as forced labour in Germany.[48] Precise numbers are difficult to ascertain and depend on classification of kidnapping and if one counts children born to parents used as forced labour.[49]
After the war, a memorial plate was made in 卢布林 dedicated to railway workers who tried to save Polish children from German captivity.[50]
2017 年,德国广播公司德国之声和来自Interia.pl的波兰记者开展了一项纪念项目,记录被绑架儿童的历史和命运。记者访问了多个机构、档案馆和基金会,以及仍健在的受害者。许多幸存的受害者接受了采访,介绍他们试图追溯自己的身世,要求赔偿或陈述自己的故事。该系列总共制作了40多篇文章和23部视频纪录片,最终出版了一本书和一部由德国国家广播公司ARD推出的电影纪录片。[51][52][53]
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