货币扩张,也称作货币创造(英語:Money creation),是中央银行、商业银行和非银行(机构或个人)透過信贷关系共同作用,使得在银行体系内流通货币量扩大的金融行为。
| 此條目 没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2017年11月17日) |
对货币扩张的控制是中央银行的主要任务之一。
不是所有的流通货币都需要有货币现金、实物资产或政府资产作后盾。一国的货币是以国家的经济潜力或政府的法定货币法令作后盾的。这种潜力也成为政府发行货币的理论上限。
货币扩张乘数,也称作存款创造乘数,描述商业银行体系供给货币的机制,它衡量了商业银行体系内增加货币供给的数量。为了控制这个体系创造的货币量,中央银行给商业银行设置严格的准备金比例,中央银行只允许商业银行的初级存款的一部分用于放贷,这也称作现金准备比例。
某储户在银行A存入1000元初级存款(銀行負債部分的存款),现金准备比例为12%,则120元必须被银行保留(銀行資產部分的儲備),880元可用于放贷(銀行資產部分的貸款)。如果银行A将超额储备880元全部放贷,接受贷款的人将之存到银行B,银行B需要将12%×880元作为初级存款880元的现金储备,可放贷部分为774.40元。如果774.40元被存入C银行,则92.93元须作为储备,可以放贷681.47元,……,以此类推,直至不再有超额储备(此处为了简化,忽略了安全储备)。
- TD:总存款的变化量
- ID:存款的初始变化
- crr:现金准备比例
例如,如果准备金比例为12%,存款的初始增长1000元将使总存款增加8333.33元(1000/.12=8333.33)。
- 美国政府发行国库券,即在特定日期支付特定金额的支付承诺。比如发行价值1,000,000美元的债券,投资者以货币进行投资购入债券,以获得债券利息为报偿。
- 美联储印刷价值1,000,000美元的支票,作为应付款项给美国政府。该支票就是销售债券的进款。
B:实际资本 D:总资本 C:现金提取量 rd:活期存款准备金率 rt:定期存款准备金率 k:现金漏出率=C/D
引入超额准备金 Re e:超额准备金率
B=rd×D+C+Re
D=B/(rd+e+k)
引入定期存款T (t,定期存款占活期存款比例)
B=rdXD+rt×T+C+Re
D=B/(rd+rt×t+e+k)
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