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来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
美国副总检察长(英語:Solicitor General of the United States,台湾作美國訟務次長)[1][2][3]是美國司法部排名第四的高級官員,繼司法部長、副部長及助理部長之後。該職位自2021年10月28日起由伊莉莎白‧普瑞洛格擔任。
美國訟務次長在美國最高法院代表美國聯邦政府參加訟辯。美國在最高法院採取的法律立場即由訟務次長決定。除了監管及處理政府作為訴訟方的案件外,訟務次長辦公室還會在與聯邦政府有重大利益關聯的案件中提交法庭之友摘要。幾乎所有以「合眾國」為與訟一方的案件中,訟務次長辦公室都會代表政府出庭爭辯,並在大多數政府曾提交「法庭之友」摘要的案件中出庭爭辯。在聯邦上訴法院,訟務次長辦公室會審視對合眾國不利的案件,並決定政府是否應向最高法院尋求覆核。訟務次長辦公室還會審視聯邦地區法院對合眾國作出的裁決,並就政府對案件的上訴做出核准決定。
訟務次長由4名副訟務次長(deputy solicitors general)及17名訟務次長助理(assistants to the solicitor general)協助。其中3名副訟務次長是司法部的職業律師,剩下的1名副訟務次長被稱為「首席副訟務次長」(Principal Deputy Solicitor General)。與訟務次長相同,首席副訟務次長通常在政府任期結束時卸任。
訟務次長或一名副訟務次長通常會在最高法院為最重要的案件爭辯。其他案件可能由其中一名助理或其他政府律師(government attorney)參與訟辯。每個最高法院任期內,訟務次長通常會在6至9個案件中爭辯,而每名副訟務次長在4至5個案件中爭辯,每名助理則會在2至3個案件中爭辯。[4]
訟務次長 | 任期 | 委任總統 |
---|---|---|
本杰明·布里斯托 | October 11, 1870 – November 15, 1872 | 尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特 |
Samuel Phillips | December 11, 1872 – May 1, 1885 | |
John Goode | May 1, 1885 – August 5, 1886 | 格罗弗·克利夫兰 |
George Jenks | July 30, 1886 – May 29, 1889 | |
Orlow Chapman | May 29, 1889 – January 19, 1890 | 本杰明·哈里森 |
威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 | February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892 | |
Charles Aldrich | March 21, 1892 – May 28, 1893 | |
Lawrence Maxwell | April 6, 1893 – January 30, 1895 | 格罗弗·克利夫兰 |
Holmes Conrad | February 6, 1895 – July 1, 1897 | |
John Richards | July 6, 1897 – March 16, 1903 | 威廉·麦金莱 |
Henry Hoyt | February 25, 1903 – March 31, 1909 | 西奥多·罗斯福 |
Lloyd Bowers | April 1, 1909 – September 9, 1910 | 威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 |
Frederick Lehmann | December 12, 1910 – July 15, 1912 | |
William Bullitt | July 16, 1912 – March 11, 1913 | |
约翰·威廉·戴维斯 | August 30, 1913 – November 26, 1918 | 伍德罗·威尔逊 |
Alexander King | November 27, 1918 – May 23, 1920 | |
William Frierson | June 1, 1920 – June 30, 1921 | |
James Beck | June 1, 1921 – May 11, 1925 | 沃伦·盖玛利尔·哈定 |
William Mitchell | June 4, 1925 – March 5, 1929 | 卡尔文·柯立芝 |
Charles Hughes | May 27, 1929 – April 16, 1930 | 赫伯特·胡佛 |
Thomas Thacher | March 22, 1930 – May 4, 1933 | |
James Biggs | May 5, 1933 – March 24, 1935 | 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福 |
Stanley Reed | March 25, 1935 – January 30, 1938 | |
罗伯特·H·杰克逊 | March 5, 1938 – January 17, 1940 | |
弗朗西斯·貝弗利·比德尔 | January 22, 1940 – September 4, 1941 | |
Charles Fahy | November 15, 1941 – September 27, 1945 | |
Howard McGrath | October 4, 1945 – October 7, 1946 | 哈里·S·杜鲁门 |
Philip Perlman | July 30, 1947 – August 15, 1952 | |
Walter Cummings | December 2, 1952 – March 1, 1953 | |
Simon Sobeloff | February 10, 1954 – July 19, 1956 | 德怀特·艾森豪威尔 |
Lee Rankin | August 4, 1956 – January 23, 1961 | |
Archibald Cox | January 24, 1961 – July 31, 1965 | 约翰·肯尼迪 |
瑟古德·马歇尔 | August 11, 1965 – August 30, 1967 | 林登·约翰逊 |
Erwin Griswold | October 12, 1967 – June 25, 1973 | |
Robert Bork | June 27, 1973 – January 20, 1977 | 理查德·尼克松 |
杰拉尔德·福特 | ||
Daniel Friedman 署理 |
January 20, 1977 – March 4, 1977 | 吉米·卡特 |
Wade McCree | March 4, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | |
Rex Lee | August 6, 1981 – June 1, 1985 | 罗纳德·里根 |
Charles Fried | October 23, 1985 – January 20, 1989 Acting: June 1, 1985 – October 23, 1985 | |
William Bryson 署理 |
January 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989 | 乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什 |
Ken Starr | May 27, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | |
William Bryson 署理 |
January 20, 1993 – June 7, 1993 | 比尔·克林顿 |
Drew Days | June 7, 1993 – June 28, 1996 | |
Walter Dellinger 署理 |
June 28, 1996 – November 7, 1997 | |
Seth Waxman | November 7, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | |
Barbara Underwood 署理 |
January 20, 2001 – June 13, 2001 | 乔治·沃克·布什 |
西奧多·奧爾森 | June 13, 2001 – July 13, 2004 | |
Paul Clement | June 13, 2005 – June 2, 2008 Acting: July 13, 2004 – June 13, 2005 | |
Gregory Garre | October 2, 2008 – January 20, 2009 Acting: June 2, 2008 – October 2, 2008 | |
Edwin Kneedler 署理 |
January 20, 2009 – March 20, 2009 | 贝拉克·奥巴马 |
艾蕾娜·卡根 | March 20, 2009 – May 17, 2010 | |
Neal Katyal 署理 |
May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011 | |
Don Verrilli | June 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016 | |
Ian Gershengorn 署理 |
June 25, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | |
Noel Francisco 署理 |
January 20, 2017 – March 10, 2017 | 唐納·川普 |
Jeff Wall 署理 |
March 10, 2017 – September 19, 2017 | |
Noel Francisco | September 19, 2017 – July 3, 2020 | |
Jeff Wall 署理 |
July 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021 | |
Elizabeth Prelogar 署理 |
January 20, 2021 – August 11, 2021 | 乔·拜登 |
Brian Fletcher 署理 |
August 11, 2021 – October 28, 2021 | |
Elizabeth Prelogar | October 28, 2021 – present |
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