緻密油

緻密油（英語：Tight oil）（也稱為頁岩油、頁岩儲層油或輕質緻密油，簡稱 LTO）是在低滲透率而含油地層中的輕質原油，通常為頁岩或緻密砂岩^[1]。有經濟效益的緻密油地層生產，需要水力壓裂和水平井技術，與生產頁岩氣相同。緻密油與油頁岩（富含乾酪根的頁岩）或頁岩油（從油頁岩中提取的油）常被混淆^[2]^[3]^[4]。因此，國際能源署建議使用“輕質緻密油”一詞來指代頁岩或其他滲透率非常低的地層生產的石油，而世界能源理事會的 2013 年世界能源報告則使用“緻密油”和“頁岩儲層油”^[5]。

緻密油頁岩地層是非均質的，並且在相對較短的距離內變化很大。壓裂緻密油藏可分為四個類型^[6]。 I 型基質的孔隙度和滲透率很小——導致裂縫主導著儲存能力和流體流動路徑。 II 型基質孔隙度和滲透率低，但基質提供儲存能力，而裂縫提供流體流動路徑。 III 型是微孔儲層，基質孔隙度高，但基質滲透率低，因此在流體流動路徑中誘導裂縫占主導地位。 Ⅳ類為大孔隙儲層，基質孔隙度和滲透率高，基質既提供儲量，又提供流道，而裂縫僅提高滲透率。

即使在同一儲層，每口水平井，其採收量也可能不同，這使得對評估每口水平井的盈利能力變得困難。從緻密地層開採石油需要儲層孔隙空間中至少有 15% 到 20% 的天然氣才能將石油驅向鑽孔；僅含有石油的緻密儲層不能經濟地生產^[7]。海相地層含有較少的粘土並且更脆，因此比陸相地層更適合水力壓裂。含石英和碳酸鹽多的地層也適合水力壓裂^[7]。

開采的先決條件包括能夠獲得鑽探權，這在美國和加拿大更容易，因為地下開采權利屬私人所有。在美國和加拿大開采更容易，因爲所需專業知識和融資均以獲得，衆多的獨立運營的承包商都具有關鍵專業知識和合適鑽機，收集和運輸石油的基礎設施，以及和用於水力壓裂的水資源^[7]。

頁岩油（緻密油）資源的開發受到可用鑽機的限制：全球 2/3 的鑽機活躍於美國和加拿大，而其他地方的鑽機不太可能有水平鑽孔裝備。鑽井密度是另一個制約因素，因為緻密油開發需要比常規石油更多的完井過程。這些限制將成爲“歐洲不可逾越的環境障礙^[8]。

[1]
Mills, Robin M. (2008). The myth of the oil crisis: overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and global warming. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-313-36498-3.
[2]
IEA (29 May 2012). Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (PDF). OECD. p. 21.
[3]
IEA (2013). World Energy Outlook 2013. OECD. p. 424. ISBN 978-92-64-20130-9.
[4]
Reinsalu, Enno; Aarna, Indrek (2015). "About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. 32 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3176/oil.2015.4.01. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
[5]
World Energy Resources 2013 Survey (PDF). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 2.46. ISBN 9780946121298.
[6]
Allen, J.; Sun, S.Q. (2003). "Controls on Recovery Factor in Fractured Reservoirs: Lessons Learned from 100 Fractured Fields". SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi:10.2118/84590-MS.
[7]
"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
[8]
"The Shale Oil Boom: a US Phenomenon" by Leonardo Maugeri, Harvard University, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Discussion Paper 2013-05

[”Mills”-1] [1]
Mills, Robin M. (2008). The myth of the oil crisis: overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and global warming. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-313-36498-3.

[IEA”-2] [2]
IEA (29 May 2012). Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (PDF). OECD. p. 21.

[”World”-3] [3]
IEA (2013). World Energy Outlook 2013. OECD. p. 424. ISBN 978-92-64-20130-9.

[”Reinsa”-4] [4]
Reinsalu, Enno; Aarna, Indrek (2015). "About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. 32 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3176/oil.2015.4.01. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2016-01-16.

[”Energy”-5] [5]
World Energy Resources 2013 Survey (PDF). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 2.46. ISBN 9780946121298.

[”Allen”-6] [6]
Allen, J.; Sun, S.Q. (2003). "Controls on Recovery Factor in Fractured Reservoirs: Lessons Learned from 100 Fractured Fields". SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi:10.2118/84590-MS.

[”Tech”-7] [7]
"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

[”The”-8] [8]
"The Shale Oil Boom: a US Phenomenon" by Leonardo Maugeri, Harvard University, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Discussion Paper 2013-05

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Wikiwand in your browser!

緻密油

Wikiwand in your browser!

特徵

鑽探

參考文獻