熱點 (地質學)
火山地貌 / 維基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
熱點(英语:Hotspot)在地質學上是指地球表面長期歷經活躍的火山活動的地區。約翰·圖佐·威爾遜在1963年時有了一種想法,認為像夏威夷群島這樣的火山鏈是板塊緩慢地移動時經過地表下一個“固定的”熱點而形成的。熱點被認為是一股較熱的、狹窄的地函從地函與地核之間的邊界開始向上進行對流而形成的,這稱為“地函熱柱”(mantle plume)。最新的地質學上的證據則把熱點的成因指向了海洋地殼隱沒至核幔邊界(Gutenberg discontinuity),海洋地殼因其密度較小而上升,且過程中減壓融熔。地質學家也確認出了全球40到50個熱點,最活躍的熱點包括夏威夷、留尼旺、黃石、加拉巴哥群島、冰島等地。
顯著的熱點路徑
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawaii_hotspot.jpg/640px-Hawaii_hotspot.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/640px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mauna_Loa_Volcano.jpg/640px-Mauna_Loa_Volcano.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bowie_Seamount1.jpg/640px-Bowie_Seamount1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Axial_Exaggerated_Bathymetry.jpg/640px-Axial_Exaggerated_Bathymetry.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mauna_Kea_from_the_ocean.jpg/640px-Mauna_Kea_from_the_ocean.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hual%C4%81lai_1996.jpg/640px-Hual%C4%81lai_1996.jpg)
- 夏威夷-天皇海山链(夏威夷熱點)
- 路易維爾海山鏈(英语:Louisville Ridge)(路易維爾熱點(英语:Louisville hotspot))
- 鯨灣中脊(英语:Walvis Ridge)(戈夫及特里斯坦熱點(英语:Tristan hotspot))
- 科的阿克-鮑伊海山鏈(英语:Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain)(鮑伊熱點(英语:Bowie hotspot))
- 柯布-埃克尔伯格海山链(英语:Cobb–Eickelberg Seamount chain)(柯布熱點(英语:Cobb hotspot))
- 新英格蘭海山鏈(英语:New England Seamounts)(新英格蘭熱點(英语:New England hotspot))
- 阿納海姆火山帶(英语:Anahim Volcanic Belt)(阿納海姆熱點(英语:Anahim hotspot))
- 马更些岩牆群(马更些熱點(英语:Mackenzie hotspot))
- 大流星熱點軌跡(英语:Great Meteor hotspot track)(新英格蘭熱點(英语:New England hotspot))
- 聖海倫娜海山鏈(英语:St. Helena Seamount chain)-喀麥隆火山線(英语:Cameroon line)(聖海倫娜熱點(英语:St. Helena hotspot))
- 南馬斯克林深海高原-查戈斯-馬爾代夫-拉克沙中脊(英语:Chagos–Laccadive Ridge)(留尼汪熱點)[2]
- 可能的熱點路徑
- 東經九十度中脊(凱爾蓋朗熱點(英语:Kerguelen hotspot)?)[2]
- 土阿莫土-萊恩島鏈(復活節熱點(英语:Easter hotspot))[3][4]
- 南方-吉爾伯特-馬紹爾島鏈(麥當勞熱點(英语:Macdonald hotspot))[4][5]
- 胡安·费尔南德斯中脊(英语:Juan Fernández Ridge)(胡安·費南德茲熱點(英语:Juan Fernández hotspot))
- 塔斯曼提德海山鏈(英语:Tasmantid Seamount Chain)(塔斯曼提德熱點(英语:Tasmantid hotspot))
- 加那利群岛(加那利熱點(英语:Canary hotspot))[6]
- 佛得角(佛得角熱點(英语:Cape Verde hotspot))[6]
熱點列表
縮寫:
- w:weight is a subjective uncertainty between simulation and determined azimuth;
- az:方位角(板塊方向)
- Weight,解釋:
- 方位角差小於8°: w= 1.0
- 方位角差小於10°: w= 0.8
- 方位角差小於12°: w= 0.5
- 方位角差小於15°: w= 0.3
- 方位角差大於15°: w= 0.2
歐亞板塊
- 艾費爾熱點(英语:Eifel hotspot)(8)
- 50°12′N 6°42′E, w= 1 az= 082° ±8° rate= 12 ±2 mm/yr [7]
- 冰岛热点(14)
- 64°24′N 17°18′W [7]
- 歐亞大陸板塊, w= .8 az= 075° ±10° rate= 5 ±3 mm/yr
- 北美洲板塊, w= .8 az= 287° ±10° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr
- 可能與格陵兰的北大西洋地殼拉張有關(62 Ma)[8]
- 64°24′N 17°18′W [7]
- 亚速尔熱點(英语:Azores hotspot)(1)
- 37°54′N 26°00′W [7]
- 歐亞大陸板塊, w= .5 az= 110° ±12°
- 北美洲板塊, w= .3 az= 280° ±15°
- 37°54′N 26°00′W [7]
- 揚馬延熱點(英语:Jan Mayen hotspot)(15)
- 海南(英语:Hainan Volcanic Field)熱點(46)
- 20°N 110°E, az= 000° ±15° [7]
非洲板塊
- 埃特纳火山(47)
- 霍加爾熱點(13)
- 23°18′N 5°36′E, w= .3 az= 046° ±12° [7]
- 提贝斯提熱點(40)
- 20°48′N 17°30′E, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° [7]
- 馬拉山脈/达尔富尔(英语:Darfur Dome)熱點(6)
- 13°00′N 24°12′E, w= .5 az= 045° ±8° [7]
- 阿法爾熱點(29,地图上错位)
- 7°00′N 39°30′E, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° rate= 16 ±8 mm/yr [7]
- 可能與阿法爾三叉匯接區(英语:Afar Triple Junction)有關(30 Ma)
- 喀麥隆(英语:Cameroon line)熱點(17)
- 2°00′N 5°06′E, w= .3 az= 032° ±3° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- 马德拉熱點(48)
- 32°36′N 17°18′W, w= .3 az= 055° ±15° rate= 8 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- 加那利熱點(英语:Canary hotspot)(18)
- 28°12′N 18°00′W, w= 1 az= 094° ±8° rate= 20 ±4 mm/yr [7]
- 新英格蘭/大流星熱點(英语:New England hotspot)(28)
- 29°24′N 29°12′W, w= .8 az= 040° ±10° [7]
- 佛得角(英语:Geology of Cape Verde)熱點(19)
- 16°00′N 24°00′W, w= .2 az= 060° ±30° [7]
- 獅子山熱點(英语:Sierra Leone hotspot)
- 聖海倫娜熱點(英语:St. Helena hotspot)(34)
- 16°30′S 9°30′W, w= 1 az= 078° ±5° rate= 20 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- 戈夫熱點(49), at 40°19' S 9°56' W.[9][10]
- 40°18′S 10°00′E, w= .8 az= 079° ±5° rate= 18 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- 特里斯坦熱點(英语:Tristan hotspot)(42), at 37°07′ S 12°17′ W.
- 維瑪熱點(英语:Vema hotspot)(維瑪海底山,43), at 31°38' S 8°20' E.
- 32°06′S 6°18′W [7]
- 可能與穿過鯨灣中脊(英语:Walvis Ridge)的巴拉那-伊滕德卡暗色岩(英语:Paraná and Etendeka traps)有關。(c. 132 Ma)
- , 發現熱點(50)(發現海底山(英语:Discovery Seamounts))
- 43°00′S 2°42′W, w= 1 az= 068° ±3° [7]
- 布韦熱點(51)
- 紹納/流星熱點(英语:Meteor hotspot)(27)
- 51°24′S 1°00′W, w= .3 az= 074° ±6° [7]
- 留尼旺熱點(33)
- 21°12′S 55°42′E, w= .8 az= 047° ±10° rate= 40 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- 可能與德干暗色岩有關(主要在68.5–66 Ma)
- 葛摩熱點(21)
- 11°30′S 43°18′E, w= .5 az=118 ±10° rate=35 ±10 mm/yr [7]
南極板塊
- 馬里恩熱點(25)
- 46°54′S 37°36′E, w= .5 az= 080° ±12° [7]
- 克罗泽熱點(52)
- 46°06′S 50°12′E, w= .8 az= 109° ±10° rate= 25 ±13 mm/yr [7]
- 可能與卡魯-費拉爾(英语:Karoo-Ferrar)地質區有關。(183 Ma)
- 凱爾蓋朗熱點(英语:Kerguelen hotspot)(20)
- 49°36′S 69°00′E, w= .2 az= 050° ±30° rate= 3 ±1 mm/yr [7]
- 與凱爾蓋朗海台有關(130 Ma)
- 赫德熱點(53),可能為凱爾蓋朗熱點的一部分。
- 53°06′S 73°30′E, w= .2 az= 030° ±20° [7]
- 圣保罗岛與阿姆斯特丹岛可能是凱爾蓋朗熱點軌跡的一部分。(圣保罗岛可能不屬於另一個熱點)
- 巴雷尼熱點(英语:Balleny hotspot)(2)
- 67°36′S 164°48′E, w= .2 az= 325° ±7° [7]
- 埃里伯斯熱點(英语:Erebus hotspot)(54)
南美板塊
- Trindade/Martin Vaz hotspot (41)
- 20°30′S 28°48′W, w= 1 az= 264° ±5° [7]
- Fernando hotspot (9)
- 3°48′S 32°24′W, w= 1 az= 266° ±7° [7]
- Possibly related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (c. 200 Ma)
- Ascension hotspot (55)
北美板塊
- Bermuda hotspot (56)
- 32°36′N 64°18′W, w= .3 az= 260° ±15° [7]
- Yellowstone hotspot (44)
- 44°30′N 110°24′W, w= .8 az= 235° ±5° rate= 26 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- Possibly related to the Columbia River Basalt Group (17–14 Ma).[11]
- Raton hotspot (32)
- 36°48′N 104°06′W, w= 1 az= 240°±4° rate= 30 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Anahim hotspot (45)
- 52°54′0″N 123°44′0″W (Nazko Cone)[12]
印澳板塊
- Lord Howe hotspot (22)
- 34°42′S 159°48′E, w= .8 az= 351° ±10° [7]
- Tasmantid hotspot (39)
- 40°24′S 155°30′E, w= .8 az= 007° ±5° rate= 63 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- East Australia hotspot (30)
- 40°48′S 146°00′E, w= .3 az= 000° ±15° rate= 65 ±3 mm/yr [7]
納茲卡板塊
- Juan Fernández hotspot (16)
- 33°54′S 81°48′W, w= 1 az= 084° ±3° rate= 80 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- San Felix hotspot (36)
- 26°24′S 80°06′W, w= .3 az= 083° ±8° [7]
- Easter hotspot (7)
- 26°24′S 106°30′W, w= 1 az= 087° ±3° rate= 95 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- Galápagos hotspot (10)
- 0°24′S 91°36′W [7]
- Nazca Plate, w= 1 az= 096° ±5° rate= 55 ±8 mm/yr
- Cocos Plate, w= .5 az= 045° ±6°
- Possibly related to the Caribbean large igneous province (main events: 95–88 Ma).
- 0°24′S 91°36′W [7]
太平洋板塊
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kodiak-Bowie_Seamounts.jpg/320px-Kodiak-Bowie_Seamounts.jpg)
- Louisville hotspot (23)
- 53°36′S 140°36′W, w= 1 az= 316° ±5° rate= 67 ±5 mm/yr [7]
- Possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau (125–120 Ma).
- Foundation hotspot/Ngatemato seamounts (57)
- 37°42′S 111°06′W, w= 1 az= 292° ±3° rate= 80 ±6 mm/yr [7]
- Macdonald hotspot (24)
- 29°00′S 140°18′W, w= 1 az= 289° ±6° rate= 105 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- North Austral/President Thiers (President Thiers Bank, 58)
- 25°36′S 143°18′W, w= (1.0) azim= 293° ± 3° rate= 75 ±15 mm/yr [7]
- Arago hotspot (Arago Seamount, 59)
- 23°24′S 150°42′W, w= 1 azim= 296° ±4° rate= 120 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Maria/Southern Cook hotspot (Îles Maria, 60)
- 20°12′S 153°48′W, w= 0.8 az= 300° ±4° [7]
- Samoa hotspot (35)
- 14°30′S 168°12′W, w= .8 az= 285°±5° rate= 95 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Crough hotspot (Crough Seamount, 61)
- 26°54′S 114°36′W, w= .8 az= 284° ± 2° [7]
- Pitcairn hotspot (31)
- 25°24′S 129°18′W, w= 1 az= 293° ±3° rate= 90 ±15 mm/yr [7]
- Society/Tahiti hotspot (38)
- 18°12′S 148°24′W, w= .8 az= 295°±5° rate= 109 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- Marquesas hotspot (26)
- 10°30′S 139°00′W, w= .5 az= 319° ±8° rate= 93 ±7 mm/yr [7]
- Caroline hotspot (4)
- 4°48′N 164°24′E, w= 1 az= 289° ±4° rate= 135 ±20 mm/yr [7]
- Hawaii hotspot (12)
- 19°00′N 155°12′W, w= 1 az= 304° ±3° rate= 92 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- Possibly related to the Siberian Traps (251–250 Ma).[13]
- Socorro/Revillagigedos hotspot (37)
- Guadalupe hotspot (11)
- 27°42′N 114°30′W, w= .8 az= 292° ±5° rate= 80 ±10 mm/yr [7]
- Cobb hotspot (5)
- 46°00′N 130°06′W, w= 1 az= 321° ±5° rate= 43 ±3 mm/yr [7]
- Bowie/Pratt-Welker hotspot (3)
- 53°00′N 134°48′W, w=.8 az= 306° ±4° rate= 40 ±20 mm/yr [7]
參見
參考資料
- Axial Seamount. PMEL Earth-Ocean Interactions Program. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局. [23 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22).
- E. V. Verzhbitsky. Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges. Journal of Geodynamics 35/3 (2003).
- W. Jason Morgan and Jason Phipps Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). : 111 [2010-04-23]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-13).
- W. J. Morgan. Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle. Nature 230 (1971). [2010-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22).
- Segev, A. Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes) (PDF). EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series. 2002, 2: 171–191 [5 August 2010]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-24).
- Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos. Encyclopedia of Geology. 2021-01-01: 674–699. ISBN 9780081029091. S2CID 226588940. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8 (英语).
- W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). [2011-11-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-13).
- Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik. Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations. Nature. 13 December 2007, 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1071N. PMID 18075591. doi:10.1038/nature06379.
- O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. Revised Indian Plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2003, 215: 151–168. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.215..151O. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 July 2011).
- O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1992, 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L.
- Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard. Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 20 November 2009, 188 (1–3): 26–56 [2018-05-05]. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-17).
- Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes- Anahim volcanic belt. Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. [2008-06-14]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-16).
- B Steinberger, C Gaina, Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea, Geology 35 (5), 407–410.
延伸閱讀
- Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. October 2010 [2018-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-25).
- Boschi, L.; Becker, T.W.; Steinberger, B. Mantle plumes: Dynamic models and seismic images (PDF). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 2007, 8 (Q10006): Q10006 [2018-05-05]. Bibcode:2007GGG.....810006B. ISSN 1525-2027. doi:10.1029/2007GC001733. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-17).
- Clouard, Valérie; Gerbault, Muriel. Break-up spots: Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007, 265: 195. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.265..195C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013.
- Towards A Better Understanding Of Hot Spot Volcanism. ScienceDaily. 4 February 2008 [2018-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22).