比武审判

比武审判是日耳曼法中一种在缺少证人或供词的情况下解决指控的方法，在使用比武审判解決糾紛時，争议双方必須进行单挑；战斗的胜利者被宣布勝訴。实质上这是一种司法认可的決鬥。它在整个欧洲中世纪一直被人採用，從16世纪時開始比武审判這一方法逐步被人們所棄用。

这幅1540年代的作品描绘了1409年在奥格斯堡举行的一场比武审判，決鬥方分別為威廉·冯·多恩斯伯格（Wilhelm von Dornsberg）元帅和西奥多·哈切纳克（Theodor Haschenacker）。雖然多恩斯伯格的剑在决斗開始時就断了，但他最終用自己的剑杀死了哈切纳克

參考文獻

• Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890), Ireland under the Tudors 3 vols. London
• Boretius, Alfred (1883) Capitularia Regum Francorum 2 vols. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, LL S. 2.
• O'Donovan, John (1851) (ed.) Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters (1851).
• Quennell, Marjorie; Quennell, C. H. B., A History of Everyday Things in England 4, B. T. Batsford, 1969 [1918]
• Ziegler, V. L., Trial by Fire and Battle in Medieval German Literature, Camden House, 2004
• Calendar of State Papers: Ireland (London)
• The Newgate Calendar
• Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War: 1603–1642, Adegi Graphics LLC, 2000, ISBN 1-4021-8410-7
• Mackenzie, Eneas; Ross, Marvin, An historical, topographical, and descriptive view of the county palatine of Durham: comprehending the various subjects of natural, civil, and ecclesiastical geography, agriculture, mines, manufactures, navigation, trade, commerce, buildings, antiquities, curiosities, public ... 2, Mackenzie and Den, 1834
• Megarry, Sir Robert, A New Miscellany-at-Law: Yet Another Diversion for Lawyers and Others, 2005 [2021-10-09], ISBN 978-1-84113-554-0, （原始内容存档于2021-10-09）
• Neilson, George; Sereni, Angelo Piero, Trial by Combat reprint, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.: 326, 2009, ISBN 978-1-58477-985-8. Full 1890 edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） available online.
• Rennix, Brianna; Abraham, Sparky. Trial by Combat and the Myths of Our Modern Legal System. Current Affairs. September 2020 [October 2, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-02）.
• Shoenfeld, Mark, Waging battle: Ashford v Thornton, Ivanhoe and legal violence, Simmons, Clare (编), Medievalism and the Quest for the "Real" Middle Ages, Routledge: 61–86, 1997 [2021-10-09], ISBN 978-0-7146-5145-3, （原始内容存档于2021-03-21）

外部連結

• Charters relating to Judicial Duels, 11th – 12th Century （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）