扁蟾属
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扁蟾属(学名:Incilius),俗称中美洲蟾蜍,是蟾蜍科的属[2],分布于美国南部、墨西哥、中美洲地区和南美洲北部(哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔)。扁蟾属是生态和生物地理多样化的蟾蜍群,包括一些微小的特有種,如只分布于云雾森林的Incilius spiculatus,以及Incilius valliceps等分布于干扰生境的低地物种[3]。
分类学和系统学
扁蟾属 | |
---|---|
常绿蟾蜍(英语:Incilius coniferus)是扁蟾属的模式种 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 两栖纲 Amphibia |
目: | 无尾目 Anura |
科: | 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae |
属: | 扁蟾属 Incilius Cope, 1863 |
模式種 | |
常绿蟾蜍(英语:Incilius coniferus) Cope, 1862
| |
異名[1] | |
Cranopsis Cope, 1875 "1876" (Cranopsis Adams, 1860 (Mollusca)和Cranopsis Dall, 1871(腕足动物)的谐音(英语:Homonym (biology))) |
扁蟾属的分类学和系统学最近发生了很多变化。2011年,Cranopsis、Ollotis、Crepidius和Crepidophryne成为扁蟾属的異名。但是,扁蟾属是单系群的观点受到了Incilius bocourti的威胁,因为Incilius bocourti可能是Anaxyrus(英语:Anaxyrus)的姐妹群[1]。
另一个讨论是识别该属的分类学水平。在2006年达尔·弗罗斯特(英语:Darrel Frost)及其同事大规模修订两栖动物系统学之前,扁蟾属并没有得到广泛的认可[4],而是以Cranopsis的名义存在,包括前“垣头蟾(英语:Bufo valliceps)组”及其相关物种。但是,另外一些学者认为扁蟾属应该被看做蟾蜍屬的亞屬[5]。
物种
扁蟾属目前共有39个物种[1]:
- 科羅拉多河蟾蜍(Incilius alvarius) (Girard, 1859)
- Incilius aucoinae(英语:Incilius aucoinae) (O'Neill and Mendelson, 2004)
- Incilius aurarius(英语:Incilius aurarius) Mendelson, Mulcahy, Snell, Acevedo, and Campbell, 2012
- Incilius bocourti(英语:Incilius bocourti) (Brocchi, 1877)
- Incilius campbelli(英语:Incilius campbelli) (Mendelson, 1994)
- Incilius canaliferus(英语:Incilius canaliferus) (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius cavifrons(英语:Incilius cavifrons) (Firschein, 1950)
- Incilius chompipe(英语:Incilius chompipe) (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius coccifer(英语:Incilius coccifer) (Cope, 1866)
- 常绿蟾蜍(英语:Incilius coniferus)(Incilius coniferus)(Cope, 1862)
- Incilius cristatus(英语:Incilius cristatus) (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius cycladen(英语:Incilius cycladen) (Lynch and Smith, 1966)
- Incilius epioticus(英语:Incilius epioticus) (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius fastidiosus(英语:Incilius fastidiosus) (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius gemmifer(英语:Incilius gemmifer) (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius guanacaste(英语:Incilius guanacaste) (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius holdridgei(英语:Incilius holdridgei) (Taylor, 1952)
- Incilius ibarrai(英语:Incilius ibarrai) (Stuart, 1954)
- Incilius karenlipsae(英语:Incilius karenlipsae) Mendelson and Mulcahy, 2010
- Incilius leucomyos(英语:Incilius leucomyos) (McCranie and Wilson, 2000)
- Incilius luetkenii(英语:Incilius luetkenii) (Boulenger, 1891)
- Incilius macrocristatus(英语:Incilius macrocristatus) (Firschein and Smith, 1957)
- Incilius majordomus(英语:Incilius majordomus) Savage, Ugarte, and Donnelly, 2013
- Incilius marmoreus(英语:Incilius marmoreus) (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius mazatlanensis(英语:Incilius mazatlanensis) (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius mccoyi(英语:Incilius mccoyi) Santos-Barrera and Flores-Villela, 2011
- Incilius melanochlorus(英语:Incilius melanochlorus) (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius nebulifer(英语:Incilius nebulifer) (Girard, 1854)
- Incilius occidentalis(英语:Incilius occidentalis) (Camerano, 1879)
- †金蟾蜍(Incilius periglenes) (Savage, 1967)
- Incilius peripatetes(英语:Incilius peripatetes) (Savage, 1972)
- Incilius perplexus(英语:Incilius perplexus) (Taylor, 1943)
- Incilius pisinnus(英语:Incilius pisinnus) (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius porteri(英语:Incilius porteri) (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius signifer(英语:Incilius signifer) (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius spiculatus(英语:Incilius spiculatus) (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius tacanensis(英语:Incilius tacanensis) (Smith, 1952)
- Incilius tutelarius(英语:Incilius tutelarius) (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius valliceps(英语:Incilius valliceps) (Wiegmann, 1833)
AmphibiaWeb认可Incilius intermedius (Günther, 1858)是有效物种,而Amphibian Species of the World认为Incilius intermedius是Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)的異名[6][1]。
参考资料
- Frost, Darrel R. Incilius Cope, 1863. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. 2017 [2017-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-06).
- Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 4th. Academic Press. 2014: 490.
- Mendelson, J. R. III; D. G. Mulcahy; T. S. Williams; J. W. Sites, Jr. A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3138: 1–34 [2017-07-14]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04).
- Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2006, 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2.
- Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names (PDF). Herpetologica. 2009, 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-26).