安提基特拉機械(希臘語:O μηχανισμός των Αντικυθήρων, O mēchanismós tōn Antikythērōn,或譯為安梯基齊拉、安提基瑟拉、安提基西拉)是古希腊时期為了計算天體在天空中的位置而製造的青銅機器,屬於模拟计算机[1][2]。該機器是於1901年在希臘安提基特拉島附近的安提基特拉沉船裡發現的[3]。該機械的製造年代約在西元前150到100年之間[4],至今已有二千多年。與此類似的複雜工藝技術直到14世紀時欧洲制造了天文鐘后才重新出現[5]。
安提基特拉机械 (碎片 A – 正面); 可见的是机械中最大的齿轮,直径大约140毫米(5.5英寸)
如果西塞羅所說的是正確的,那該技術最早在西元前3世紀就已存在。阿基米德的設備也被後來的羅馬作家提及,例如4到5世紀的拉克唐修(《关于上帝的教导》,Divinarum Institutionum Libri VII)、克劳狄(《In sphaeram Archimedes》)和普洛克努斯(《Commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geometry》)。
根據西塞羅所述,安提基特拉機械可能不是獨一無二的。這些紀錄讓人更加確定在古希臘已經有複雜機械技術,而且至少有一部分技術稍後傳到了同樣有複雜機械技術的拜占庭帝國和伊斯蘭世界,雖然在中世紀的機械比安提基特拉機械簡單[24]。目前已找到一個製造於5或6世紀拜占庭帝國,和一個日晷相連接的日期齒輪的殘骸;該儀器可能是做為報時輔助[25]。在伊斯蘭世界中,西元9世紀早期阿拉伯帝國的哈里發委託巴努·穆薩寫下的《巧妙設備之書》(Book of Ingenious Devices,暫譯)。該本書描述了超過一百個機械裝置,部分裝置可追溯到保存在神廟中的古希臘文獻。一個大約1000年時由科學家比魯尼描述的齒輪報時機類似拜占庭帝國的裝置,而一個13世紀的星盤也包含了類似的報時裝置[25]。這個技術可能在中世紀時傳入歐洲,並對鐘錶科技的發展做出了貢獻[5]。
德瑞克·約翰·德索拉·普萊斯和他重建的安提基特拉機械模型展示於雅典國家考古博物館的安提基特拉機械重建品(Robert J. Deroski根據德瑞克·約翰·德索拉·普萊斯的模型製造)安提基特拉機械齒輪配置略圖
普萊斯以標題「時鐘以前的發條裝置」(Clockwork before the Clock)[26][27]和「發條裝置的由來」(On the Origin of Clockwork)[28]發表了數篇論文。發表時間早於1959年6月出版的關於機械運作機制的第一個主要著作:「古希臘的電腦」(An Ancient Greek Computer)[29]。這是科學人的頭條文章。根據亞瑟·查理斯·克拉克的書《克拉克的神秘世界》(暫譯,Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World)第三章最末,該文章似乎最早是發表在亞瑟·查理斯·克拉克著作中。在「古希臘的電腦」一文中,普萊斯進一步發展其理論,並表示安提基特拉機械式計算行星和恆星運動機械,可能是世界最早的模拟計算機。在那之前對於安提基特拉機械有許多不明之處,雖然它被正確地認定是一個天文儀器,但它被認為可能是星盤。
1974年時普萊斯發表文章「來自希臘的齒輪裝置:安提基特拉機械-約西元前80年的曆法電腦」(Gears from the Greeks: the Antikythera mechanism—a calendar computer from ca. 80 BC)[30],在該文中他提出了安提基特拉機械的機制模式。
一個和普賴斯有差異的重建模型是由澳大利亞悉尼大學的電腦科學家艾倫·布隆萊(英语:Allan G. Bromley)和悉尼的一位鐘錶師法蘭克·帕西瓦爾建立。布隆萊和麥可·萊特合作使用更精密的X光影像重建新的模型。
麥可·萊特
曾擔任倫敦科學博物館機械部門主管,現任職於帝國理工學院的麥可·萊特(英语:Michael T. Wright)和艾倫·布隆萊提出了對原始殘骸的重新研究。他們使用了由身為退休放射科醫師的顧問艾倫·柏德列治建議,使用稱為線性X射線斷層掃描技術。對於這一點,萊特設計了一個線性斷層掃描儀器,該儀器可產生平面斷層造影[31]。該研究的早期結果在1997年發表,發現普萊斯的重建有根本上的缺陷[32]。
"The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System."
Washington Post (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Quote: Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday.
pp. 5–8, Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C., Derek de Solla Price, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 64, #7 (1974), pp. 1–70.
The Guardian: Mysteries of computer from 65BC are solved (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Excerpts: This device is extraordinary, the only thing of its kind," said Professor Edmunds. "The astronomy is exactly right ... in terms of historic and scarcity value, I have to regard this mechanism as being more valuable than the Mona Lisa." and One of the remaining mysteries is why the Greek technology invented for the machine seemed to disappear.
Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 BC, Derek de Solla Price, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 64, #7 (1974), pp. 1–70.
Wright, M T.; Bromley, A. G., & Magkou, E. Simple X-ray Tomography and the Antikythera Mechanism. PACT(Revue du groupe européen d'études pour les techniques physiques, chimiques, biologiques et mathématiques appliquées à l'archéologie or Journal of the European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology). 1995, 45: 531–543. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Wright, M T.; Bromley, A. G. Current Work on the Antikythera Mechanism. Proc. Conf. Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία(Ancient Greek Technology). Thessaloniki: 19–25. 4–7 September 1997. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Wright, M T.; Bromley, A. G. Towards a New Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism. Proc. Conf. Extraordinary Machines and Structures in Antiquity. Ancient Olympiai: 81–94. August 2001. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) ed. S.A. Paipetis, Peri Technon, Patras 2003.
Wright, M T. In the Steps of the Master Mechanic. Proc. Conf. Η Αρχαία Ελλάδα και ο Σύγχρονος Κόσμος(Ancient Greece and the Modern World). Ancient Olympiai: 86–97. July 2002. University of Patras 2003.
Wright, M T. Counting Months and Years: the Upper Back Dial of the Antikythera Mechanism. Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society. 2005,. 87 (December 2005) (1 (September 2005)): 8–13.
Wright, M T. Understanding the Antikythera Mechanism. Proc. Conf. Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία(Ancient Greek Technology). Athensi. October 2005.
in preparation(Preprint (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
Wright, M T., "Il meccanismo di Anticitera: l'antica tradizione dei meccanismi ad ingranaggio"(The Antikythera Mechanism: evidence for an ancient tradition of the making of geared instruments), in: E. Lo Sardo(ed.), Eureka! Il genio degli antichi, Naples, July 2005 – January 2006), Electa Napoli 2005, pp. 241 – 244.
Wright, M T. Il meccanismo di Anticitera: l'antica tradizione dei meccanismi ad ingranaggio(The Antikythera Mechanism: evidence for an ancient tradition of the making of geared instruments). Αρχαιολογία & Τέχνες. 2004,. 95 (June 2005): 54–60.
Edmunds, Mike & Morgan, Philip. The Antikythera Mechanism: Still a Mystery of Greek Astronomy. Astronomy & Geophysics. 2000, 41 (6): 6–10. Bibcode:2000A&G....41f..10E. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41610.x. (The authors mention that an "extended account" of their researches titled "Computing Aphrodite" is forthcoming in 2001, but it does not seem to have appeared as of yet.)
Freeth, T. The Antikythera Mechanism: 1. Challenging the Classic Research. Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry. 2002, 2 (1): 21–35.
Freeth, T. The Antikyhera Mechanism: 2. Is it Posidonius’ Orrery?. Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry. 2002, 2 (2): 45–58.
Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y., Moussas, X., Seiradakis, J. H., Tselikas, A., Mankou, E., Zafeiropulou, M., Hadland, R., Bate, D., Ramsey, A., Allen, M., Crawley, A., Hockley, P., Malzbender, T., Gelb, D., Ambrisco, W., & Edmunds, M. G. Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism. Nature. 2006, 444 (7119): 587–591. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. PMID 17136087. doi:10.1038/nature05357. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Jones, A. The adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy. Isis. 1991, 82 (3): 440–453. doi:10.1086/355836.
Morris, L.R. Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism: An Appreciation. IEEE Micro. 1984, 4: 15–21. doi:10.1109/MM.1984.291304.
Price, D. de S. Gears from the Greeks: The Antkythera Mechanism – A Calendar Computer from ca 80BC. Trans Am Philos. Soc., New Series. 1974, 64 (7): 1–70.
Price, D. de S. A History of Calculating Machines. IEEE Micro. 1984, 4: 22–52. doi:10.1109/MM.1984.291305.
Steele, J. M. Eclipse prediction in Mesopotamia. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 2000, 54 (5): 421–454. doi:10.1007/s004070050007.
Weinberg, G. D.; Grace, V. R., Edwards, G. R., Robinson, H. S;, Throckmorton, P., & Ralph, E. K. The Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered. Trans Am Philos. Soc. 1965,. 55 (New Series) (3): 3–48. JSTOR 1005929. doi:10.2307/1005929. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Zeeman, E. C.,. Gears From The Ancient Greeks. Proc. Roy. Inst. GB. 1986, 58: 137–156.(See also the slides from a lecture here [1], slide 22 is a view of how the mechanism for a model comes to replace actual reality)。
其他
Cousteau, Jacques. The Cousteau Odyssey: Diving for Roman Plunder (Tape). Warner Home Video/KCET, Los Angeles. 1978.
Rice, Rob S. Physical and Intellectual Salvage from the 1st Century BC. USNA Eleventh Naval History Symposium. Thessaloniki: 19–25. 4–7 September 1997. |year=与|date=不匹配 (帮助) see The Antikythera Mechanism (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)