单一指令计算机(英語:one instruction set computer,OISC)也称最简指令集计算机(ultimate reduced instruction set computer,URISC),它是一种抽象计算机,该计算机只有一条指令[1][2][3]。巧妙地选取这一条指令,并且给予无限的资源,单一指令计算机就能成为和其他多指令计算机一样的图灵机[2]:55。在教学上,这种计算机被推荐来帮助理解计算机架构[2]:2 [1]:327,同时,也能用它来研究计算机的结构模型[3]。
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Mavaddat, F.; Parhami, B. URISC: The Ultimate Reduced Instruction Set Computer (PDF). Int'l J. Electrical Engineering Education (Manchester University Press). October 1988, 25 (4): 327–334 [2010-10-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-10-18).
This paper considers "a machine with a single 3-address instruction as the ultimate in RISC design (URISC)". Without giving a name to the instruction, it describes a SBN OISC and its associated assembly language, emphasising that this is a universal (i.e., Turing-complete) machine whose simplicity makes it ideal for classroom use.
Nürnberg, Peter J.; Wiil, Uffe K.; Hicks, David L., A Grand Unified Theory for Structural Computing, Metainformatics: International Symposium, MIS 2003, Graz, Austria: Springer Science+Business Media: 1–16, September 2003 [2014-06-08], ISBN 978-3-540-22010-7, (原始内容存档于2015-01-03)
This research paper focusses entirely on a SUBLEQ OISC and its associated assembly language, using the name SUBLEQ for "both the instruction and any language based upon it".