刑事法典 (加拿大)
来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
加拿大《刑事法典》（英語：Criminal Code；法語：Code criminel）[Note 1]是一部將加拿大主要刑事罪行及刑事訴訟程序以條文形式訂明的法例。其正式的詳題為《關於刑事法律的法令》（英語：An Act respecting the criminal law；法語：Loi concernant le droit criminel）。[1]在法律報告中，該法典有時縮寫為Cr.C. 。[2]《1867年憲法法令》第91(27)條確立了加拿大國會對加拿大刑事法律的唯一管轄權。
| 刑事法典 Criminal Code | |
|---|---|
| |
關於刑事法律的法令 An Act respecting the Criminal Law | |
| 引稱 | RSC 1985, c C-46 |
| 制定機關 | 加拿大國會 |
| 制定日期 | First enacted: SC 1892, c 29; carried forward in statute revisions, RSC 1906, c 146 and RSC 1927, c 36; substantially revised and re-enacted, SC 1953-54, c 51; carried forward in statute revisions, RSC 1970, c C-34 and RSC 1985, c C-46 |
《刑事法典》包含部分抗辯理由，但大多數的抗辯理由為普通法（不成文法）的一部分，而非記載於任何成文法規中。不構成該法典一部分的重要加拿大刑事法律包括《火器法令》（Firearms Act）、《受管制藥物與物質法令》（Controlled Drugs and Substances Act）、《加拿大證據法令》（Canada Evidence Act）、《食物及藥物法令》（Food and Drugs Act）、《青少年刑事司法法令》（Youth Criminal Justice Act）及《違例事項法令》（Contraventions Act）。
《刑事法典》的適宜性之一是它構成了一項原則：除非在法規中對所控罪行有明確規定及說明，任何人都不可被定罪。該法律文件在加拿大歷史上發揮了重要作用，並促進了其他法令及法例的形成，如《受管制藥物與物質法令》。[3]
《刑事法典》植根於多份歷史悠久的法律文件。以下文件在《刑事法典》的構建及演变中發揮了作用：
| 法令 | 生效 | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| The Criminal Code, 1892，加拿大法規|S.C. 1892，第29章 | July 1, 1893 | Sponsored by Minister of Justice Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, it was based on the "Stephen Code", written by Sir James Fitzjames Stephen for a Royal Commission in England in 1879, and subsequently modified by Canadian jurist George Burbidge to address the Canadian context. Its significant provisions included:
|
| An Act respecting Arrest, Trial and Imprisonment of Youthful Offenders，加拿大法規|S.C. 1894，第58章 | July 23, 1894 | Provided for the separation of juvenile offenders from older persons and habitual criminals during arrest, confinement, trial and subsequent imprisonment, as well as integrating efforts with those of children's aid organizations being organized by the provinces. |
| The Juvenile Delinquents Act, 1908，加拿大法規|S.C. 1908，第40章 | Implemented over time by specific proclamations, with respect to a specified province or a portion thereof. | The Juvenile Delinquents Act was designed to operate in a similar manner to the Probation of Offenders Act 1907 passed by the British Parliament in the previous year, as well as the juvenile delinquent provisions contained in the later Children Act 1908.
While the minimum age for those subject to the Act remained at seven years, the maximum age varied by province. By 1982, it was set at 16 in six provinces, 17 for British Columbia and Newfoundland, and 18 for Quebec and Manitoba.[5] |
| Criminal Code，加拿大法規|S.C. 1953–54，第51章 | April 1, 1955[6] | Reenactment of the Code, with modernization of provisions. It abolished all common law offences (other than for contempt of court), as well as any offences created by the British Parliament or in effect under an Act or ordinance in any place before becoming part of Canada.[7] |
| Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69，加拿大法規|S.C. 1968–69，第38章 | Various, from July 1, 1969 to January 1, 1970 | An omnibus bill promoted by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 provided for decriminalizing homosexual acts between consenting adults, legalizing abortion, contraception and lotteries, restricting gun ownership, and authorizing breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers. |
| Young Offenders Act，加拿大法規|S.C. 1980-81-82-83，第110章 | April 2, 1984.[8] | The Young Offenders Act raised the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12 years, and standardized the maximum age to 16–18 years (depending on the province), as well as setting limits on the length of sentence that could be imposed. |
| Anti-terrorism Act，加拿大法規|S.C. 2001，第41章 | December 24, 2001 (principally)[9] | Enacted in response to the terrorist attack against the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the Anti-Terrorism Act included provisions regarding the financing of terrorism, the establishment of a list of terrorist entities, the freezing of property, the forfeiture of property, and participating, facilitating, instructing and harbouring of terrorism. |
| Youth Criminal Justice Act，加拿大法規|S.C. 2002，第1章 | April 1, 2003[10] | The Youth Criminal Justice Act was passed to address concerns raised by the effects of the Young Offenders Act. |
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