在傳統國際法上,國家承認的理論包含宣示說與構成說,兩種理論的立場相左,目前學界以宣示說為通說,但有轉向構成說的趨勢。[13]實踐上,國家承認通常介於宣示說和構成說之間,還有法律承認(recognition de jure)和事實承認(recognition de facto)的落差,其複雜性、多樣性實在超出這兩種理論所能解釋的範圍。[14][15][16]
Malcolm N. Shaw. International Law 8th Edition. 剑桥大学出版社. 2017-09-14: 178. ISBN 9781316638538(英语). Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
Nandasiri Jasentuliyana (编). Perspectives on International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1995-11-02: 20 [2021-11-04]. ISBN 9789041108845(英语). So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.
Henry Wheaton. Elements of International Law: With a Sketch of the History of the Science2. B. Fellowes. 1836: 51 [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-07) (英语). A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. ISBN 9780618701728(英语). sovereign: adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
Alain Pellet. The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee a Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples(PDF). European Journal of International Law. 1992, 3 (1): 182 [2021-11-04]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2018-10-08) (英语). The Committee considers [...] that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty; [...]
Thomas D. Grant. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. ISBN 9780275963507(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Hersch Lauterpacht. Recognition in International Law 2nd Edition. 剑桥大学出版社. 2012: 64. ISBN 9781107609433(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
Jorge Emilio Núñez. About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique. 2014, 27 (4): 645–664. S2CID 150817547. doi:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Edward Heath Robinson. The Distinction Between State and Government. Geography Compass. 2013-08, 7 (8): 556–566. doi:10.1111/gec3.12065(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
James Crawford; James R. Crawford. The Creation of States in International Law 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780198260028(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
Rik Ringmar. On the Ontological Status of the State. European Journal of International Relations. 1996-12-01, 2 (4): 439–466. S2CID 145248100. doi:10.1177/1354066196002004002(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Costas M. Constantinou; Pauline Kerr; Paul Sharp. The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. 294–295: SAGE. 2016-06-20. ISBN 9781473959156(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Tanisha M. Fazal; Ryan D. Griffiths. Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood. International Studies Review. 2014-03, 16 (1): 79–106. ISSN 1468-2486. doi:10.1111/misr.12099(英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Charles R. Butcher; Ryan D. Griffiths. States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD). International Interactions. 2020, 46 (2): 291–308. doi:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199(英语).
Ti-chiang Chen. The International Law of Recognition : With Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States. International Affairs. 1952-04, 18 (2): 208–209. doi:10.2307/2604040(英语).
Henry J. Schmandt; Paul George Steinbicker. Part Three. The Philosophy of the State. Fundamentals of Government. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company. 1954. LCCN 54010666(英语).