儘管輔助生殖技術已存在數十年,不過描繪接受這些技術時感情掙扎的電影和其他小說,在2000年代後期首次出現增加的態勢(可能只有科幻小說中的不孕(英语:Pregnancy in science fiction)例外)[76]。然而,以某種程度體驗過這些技術的相關人們數量不斷增加,且嘗試和衝突的種類繁多[76]。
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Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2014, 20 (4): 582–93 [2019-09-04]. PMID 24619876. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. (原始内容存档于2020-05-09). Physicians should investigate women with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage or IUGR for undiagnosed CD. (...) CD can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms and it may escape timely recognition. Thus, given the heterogeneity of clinical presentation, many atypical cases of CD go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications. Among atypical symptoms of CD, disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, early menopause, amenorrhea or infertility, and pregnancy complications, such as recurrent abortions, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA) babies, low birthweight (LBW) babies or preterm deliveries, must be factored. (...) However, the risk is significantly reduced by a gluten-free diet. These patients should therefore be made aware of the potential negative effects of active CD also in terms of reproductive performances, and of the importance of a strict diet to ameliorate their health condition and reproductive health.
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Hozyasz, K. Coeliac disease and problems associated with reproduction. Ginekol Pol. Mar 2001, 72 (3): 173–9. PMID 11398587. Coeliac men may have reversible infertility, and as in women, if gastrointestinal symptoms are mild or absent the diagnosis may be missed. It is important to make diagnosis because the giving of gluten free diet may result in conception and favourable outcome of pregnancy.
Sher, KS; Jayanthi, V; Probert, CS; Stewart, CR; Mayberry, JF. Infertility, obstetric and gynaecological problems in coeliac sprue. Dig Dis. 1994, 12 (3): 186–90. PMID 7988065. doi:10.1159/000171452. There is now substantial evidence that coeliac sprue is associated with infertility both in men and women. (...) In men it can cause hypogonadism, immature secondary sex characteristics and reduce semen quality. (...) Hyperprolactinaemia is seen in 25% of coeliac patients, which causes impotence and loss of libido. Gluten withdrawal and correction of deficient dietary elements can lead to a return of fertility both in men and women.
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Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Ruiz JR, Laanpere M, Syvänen T, Yngve A, Salumets A, Nilsson TK. Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 2010, 94 (1): 130–137. PMID 19324355. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.025.
Kenneth I. Aston; Philip J. Uren; Timothy G. Jenkins; Alan Horsager; Bradley R. Cairns; Andrew D. Smith; Douglas T. Carrell. Aberrant sperm DNA methylation predicts male fertility status and embryo quality. Fertility and Sterility. December 2015, 104 (6): 1388–1397. PMID 26361204. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.019.