自然法 (拉丁文:ius naturale, lex naturalis) 係一個基於對人性嘅觀察,而設立嘅法律制度[1]。根據呢個制度,所有人都有固有嘅權利,係由“神、自然、或者邏輯”而嚟[2]。自然法嘅理論亦可以叫做“倫理學理論”、“宗教道德理論”、同埋“民法法系理論”等等[3]。
喺西方傳統,呢個制度最先喺古希臘哲學有記載,包括亞里士多德[4]。跟住之後,羅馬帝國將佢帶入歐洲,到聖多瑪斯亞奎那嘅時候,佢將呢個概念同基督教信仰合并,寫成《Lex Naturalis》。呢本書提到:所有人嘅生命都係無價嘅,比起所有其他創造物都珍貴,亦同時互相平等,由神賜下咗一啲固有(即係冇人能夠攞走)嘅權利[5]。
現代嘅自然法理論主要都係嚟自啟蒙時期,用社會契約嚟代替君權神授嘅講法。由呢個時間開始,唔少關於人權嘅宣言,特別係喺西方國家,都有提及到呢個概念,包括美國獨立宣言、人權同公民權宣言、世界人權宣言、同歐洲人權公約等等。
Finnis, John (2020), "Natural Law Theories", 出自 Zalta, Edward N. (編), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (第Summer 2020版), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 原先內容歸檔喺2021-09-10, 喺2020-10-19搵到
Kelsen, Hans (2007). General Theory of Law And State. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 392.
Murphy, Mark (2019), "The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics", 出自 Zalta, Edward N. (編), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (第Summer 2019版), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 原先內容歸檔喺2021-11-13, 喺2020-10-19搵到
Rommen, Heinrich A. (1959) [1947]. The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social Philosophy. Hanley, Thomas R.翻譯. B. Herder Book Co. p. 5. ISBN 978-0865971615.
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