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Congress)中,保羅·莫菲擊敗來自德國的路易·波爾森(英语:Louis Paulsen)獲得冠軍;但在1859年他回到故鄉紐奧良,退休並開始從事法律事業。 Kurtz, Michael L. Paul Morphy: Louisiana's Chess Champion. Louisiana History: The Journal
nytimes.com. The New York Times: 19. September 6, 1957 [2016-07-30]. Kurtz, Josh. Washington Heights Journal; A Subway Passageway Just for the Courageous