(德國)、德國社會民主黨、德國保守黨:同為德意志帝國議會中的主要政黨 德國自由主義(英语:LiberalisminGermany) Pflanze, Otto. Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume II. Princeton University Press
Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1993) Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century