Early Muslims

如同歐瑪爾，奧斯曼·本·阿凡原本亦是一名商人，在阿布·巴克爾的介紹下與穆罕默德見面並皈依伊斯蘭教，成為最早皈依伊斯蘭教的穆斯林之一（英语：Early Muslims）。他娶了穆罕默德的兩個女兒，Ruqayya與Umm Kulthum。644年歐瑪爾臨死前組成一個六人會議以選出下一任哈里發，最終由奧斯曼當選。

communities: Muslims in post-apartheid South Africa （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Scholarly essay includes history of "Cape Malay" identity. Kramat An early religious

Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and crime: a comparative study. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. 2005: 60. ISBN 0-7546-4233-X. . Early in 1997, the Commission

：“蒋介石不喜欢我的政策，但他对我无可奈何。我距离他太远了。” 迪化之战 Andrew D. W. Forbes. Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

law, the financially capable would pay “jizya,” or tax reserved for non-Muslims.  Islamist extremists extort 'infidel tax' from fellow prisoners in British