煙管蝸牛科 (學名:Clausiliidae ),亦作煙管螺科 [ 2] 或密封蝸科 ,是煙管蝸牛總科 之下的一種小型和非常長的科級 分類 。本科物種主要都是左旋 物種的陸生蝸牛、會呼吸空氣的有肺類 腹足綱 直神經亞綱 柄眼目 軟體動物 [ 3] :105 。
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本科舊屬柄眼目 中尿道亞目 (Mesurethra )[ 4] 及泛有肺類 真有肺類 柄眼類 非正式群組彎尿道類 。
截至2008年10月 (2008-10 ) [update] ,本科連同現生種及化石種合共有1300個物種,是陸生蝸牛當中其生物多樣性最高的分類單元(參照Orthalicidae ,在整個腹足綱來說也只是僅次於海生的小塔螺科 )。
本科物種在台灣的名稱叫作「煙管蝸牛科」,這是得名於其殻口 的獨特「煙管」 解剖結構,叫作「腔襞 」[ 5] :116 ,讓牠們可以將牠們的殼口 變得可以像一扇趟門 那樣把殻口關閉起來。
Megalophaedusa martensi is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live.
幾乎所有本科的貝殻都是左旋 的[ 3] :105 ,這在腹足綱物種的螺殻 來說並不常見。殻的表面有肋樣構造[ 3] :105 。殻長約10到15 mm[ 3] :105 。
These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired , with numerous whorls .
The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.
Clausilia dubia 的「煙管」構造。
煙管蝸牛科物種在肺螺類 腹足綱 軟體動物 來說相當特殊,因為牠們大多數的殻口都有稱為「腔襞」的類似「煙管」構造,就像一扇趟門一樣。這種「煙管」與口蓋 並不一樣,因為在肺螺類物種都已有外套膜肺 ,並沒有「口蓋」這種構造。
腔襞是一種石灰質構造,舌形或調匙形,可將其殻口完全關閉,以防止肉食性的甲蟲幼蟲入侵其柔軟的身體。腔襞有不同的形態,如「月形」[ 5] :116 或「弓形」[ 6] 腔襞、「倒C形腔襞」[ 5] :124 、「工形腔襞」[ 5] :118 、「平行腔襞」[ 5] :128 等,還可以分為多個部分,如:上腔襞、下腔襞、月形襞及主襞等[ 5] :116 。腔襞有「閉板」及「腔襞板」(clausilium slides )將其封閉:「閉板」是附生於殻軸 的板狀構造,而腔襞板則是殻內壁的板狀突起[ 5] :116 ,由殻壁摺疊而形成。
本科物種的染色體 的單倍體 介乎21到30之間[ 7] :139,142 。
本科的模式屬 是煙管蝸牛屬 (Clausilia Draparnaud , 1805 )。
根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 》,本科是彎尿道類 非正式群組的成員[ 8] ,而這個群組在2010年的修訂被歸類為泛有肺類 真有肺類 演化支 的成員[ 9] 。在2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類 》,曲尿道類支序和泛有肺類都不再使用[ 10] 。
根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 》,本科包括下列各亞科:
煙管蝸牛亞科 Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979
subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972
subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981[ 11]
斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
斜管螺族 Garnieriini C.R. Boettger, 1926
傘管螺族 Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002
subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978[ 12]
tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985[ 13]
subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994
subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927
根據2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類 》,煙管蝸牛科是柄眼目 旋蝸牛亞目 煙管蝸牛下目 之下的煙管蝸牛總科 的成員。本科之下的亞科從過往的11個亞科縮減至8個亞科21個族,分別如下:
Subfamily Alopiinae A.J. Wagner, 1913
Tribe Alopiini A.J. Wagner, 1913
Tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)
Tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956
Tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
Subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
Subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
Subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
Subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923
Subfamily Peruiniinae H. Nordsieck, 2005
管螺亞科 Phaedusinae A.J. Wagner, 1922
管螺族 Phaedusini A.J. Wagner, 1922
Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007
煙管蝸牛亞科 (Clausiliinae Gray, 1855)包括以下兩族:
煙管蝸牛族 (Clausiliini )
煙管蝸牛屬 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805,煙管螺屬 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977[ 14]
Erjavecia Brusina, 1870[ 14]
Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus [ 14]
Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963[ 14]
Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra , Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867[ 14]
Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973[ 14]
Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920[ 14]
Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians [ 14]
Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924[ 14]
族 Gracillariini
Graciliaria Bielz, 1867[ 15]
族 Alopiini
Alopia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
Herilla H. & A. Adams, 1855
Triloba Vest, 1867
族 Cochlodinini
Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina ; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877
族 Delimini
Barcania Brandt, 1956
Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria ; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877
Delima Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima ; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877
Dilataria Vest, 1867
Papillifera Hartmann, 1842
族 Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.
Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006[ 17]
Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919
Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855
Muticaria Lindholm, 1925
Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924
tribe Montenegrinini
Montenegrina O. Boettger, 1877
Protoherilla A. J. Wagner, 1921
Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica , Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975
Menissa H. & A.Adams, 1855
Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973
Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878
Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877
Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:
† Constricta ( snail) Constricta [[O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[ 8] ]]
斜管螺亞科 (Garnieriinae )包括下列各屬:
飾管螺屬 Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877
斜管螺屬 Grandinenia H. Minato & C. Chen, 1984[ 18]
Indonenia Ehrmann, 1927
Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002
傘管螺屬 Tropidauchenia small [[Lindholm, 1924
Tropidauchenia subsp. Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
Tropidauchenia subsp. Tropidauchenia ]]
Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:
tribe † Eualopiini
† Eualopia O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[ 8]
tribe † Rillyini
† Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 - type genus of the tribe[ 8]
Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae.[ 8] Its type species is fossil.[ 8] (Actual status of the genus?)
Bofilliella Ehrmann, 1927
Neniatlanta Bouguignat, 1876
Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - 有4個亞屬:Acrotoma , Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975
Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - 有2個亞屬: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
Bitorquata O. Boettger, 1877
Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - 有2個亞屬:Boettgeria and Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - 有4個亞屬:Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
Euxinella H. Nordsieck, 1973
Filosa O. Boettger, 1877
Galeata O. Boettger, 1877
Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994
Kazancia Neubert, 1992 - 有2個亞屬:Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995
Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877
Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877
Olympicola Hesse, 1916
Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994
Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925
Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883
Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck, 1975
Strumosa O. Boettger, 1877
Sumelia H. Nordsieck, 1994
大口管螺亞科 (Neniinae Ehrmann, 1927 )主要分佈於南美洲,但亦有少數分佈於中國南部、南亞及東南亞,包括以下各屬[ 19] :
Andinia Polinski, 1922
Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958
Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005
Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 - 有2個亞屬:Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - 有3個亞屬:Columbinia ; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999
Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949
Gonionenia Pilsbry, 1926
Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922
Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949
Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 - 有2個亞屬:Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
Incania Polinski, 1922
Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005
大口管螺屬 Nenia H. & A. Adams, 1855
Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007
Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926
Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004
Neniops Pilsbry, 1926
Nenisca Rehder, 1939
Parabalea Ancey, 1882
Peruinia Polinski, 1922
Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957
Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984
Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900
Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855
Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957
管螺亞科 (Phaedusinae Thiele, 1931 )包括以下各屬[ 20] :
管螺族 Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
紡錘管螺屬 Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927
棒管螺屬 Bacillophaedusa Grego & Szekeres, 2011
深褶螺屬 Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925
Castanophaedusa Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
高管螺屬 Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
張管螺屬 Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
道管螺屬 Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924
真管螺屬 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
麗管螺屬 Formosana O. Boettger, 1877
小麗管螺屬 Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003
福管螺屬 Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
擬管螺屬 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
Juttingia Loosjes, 1965
Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
Macrophaedusa Möllendorff, 1883
Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
Messageriella Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
湊管螺屬 Minatoia Hunyadi & Szekeres, 2016
Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2018
小管螺屬 Nannophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2012
Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927
卵旋螺屬 Oospira W. T. Blanford, 1872
乳突管螺屬 Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
Paraphaedusa O. Boettger, 1899
管螺屬 Phaedusa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 - 有4個亞屬:後管螺亞屬 (Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001); Phaedusa ; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 和 Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
鼻管螺屬 Probosciphaedusa Z.-Y. Chen, 2021
復管螺屬 Reinia Kobelt, 1876
月管螺屬 Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
鋸管螺屬 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
華管螺屬 Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
扭管螺屬 Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
Taiwanphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
Tosaphaedusa Ehrmann, 1929
Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
tribe Megalophaedusini
Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927[ 21]
Oospira Blanford, 1872[ 21] - 有5個亞屬:Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira ; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - 有2個亞屬:Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 和褶管螺屬 ( Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900)
未定族 ?
棘管螺屬 Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925,有3個亞屬:深褶螺亞屬(Bathyptychia ); 短褶螺亞屬(Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001)和縮唇管螺亞屬 (Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001)
Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877,有3個亞屬:Cylindrophaedusa 和山管螺亞屬 (Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002)
Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924,有2個亞屬:Dautzenbergiella 和 曼管螺亞屬 (Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003)
Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905
真管螺屬 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877[ 22] : - with five subgenera: 齒管螺亞屬 (Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003); Euphaedusa ; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; 陶管螺亞屬 (Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003)和標管螺亞屬 (Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003):又名小煙管蝸牛屬 。
Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
擬管螺屬 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877:有10個亞屬: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa ; 似擬管螺亞屬 (Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001); 擬褶管螺亞屬 (Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905); 迷管螺屬 Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; 珠管螺精緻屬 (Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001); Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 和 Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906
Juttingia Loosjes, 1965,有2個亞屬:Juttingia 和 Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927
油亮管螺屬 Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901,有2個亞屬:Luchuphaedusa 和 Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
長管螺屬 Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883
小長管螺屬 Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877,有4個亞屬:Megalophaedusa ; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 和 Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa]]是 Megalophaedusa的異名)。[ 23]
Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
奇管螺屬 Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905
Paraphedusa O. Boettger, 1877
Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998
Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981
Reinia Kobelt, 1876,有3個亞屬:Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 和 Reinia
Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973
Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
鋸管螺屬 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
瘤管螺屬 Synprosphyma Germain, 1919,有2個亞屬:棄旋螺亞屬 (Excussispira Lindholm, 1925)和 Synprosphyma
Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901,有2個亞屬: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 和 Tyrannophaedusa
Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930
Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927
Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973
Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982
Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965
Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978
Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995
Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995
Pravispira Lindholm, 1924
Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994
Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935
Serrulina Mousson, 1873
Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984
Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994
Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000,有兩個亞屬: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 和 Tsoukatosia
Cotyorica Grego & Szekeres, 2017
Cotyorica nemethi Grego & Szekeres, 2017[ 24]
儘管非海洋軟體動物當中本科物種看似易危[ 25] ,但在《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄 》只有9個本科的物種被列入名錄內[ 26] 。
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皱纹岛管螺 . 科學資料庫-中國動物主題資料庫-中國動物物種編目資料庫. [2018-06-11 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2018-06-12) (中文(簡體)) .
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