疹分泌物均載有病毒，故避免與其近距離接觸可減低患病的風險。多種痘病毒疾病的病癥均與天花的如出一轍。專家需利用絨毛尿囊膜（英语：Chorioallantoic membrane）進行病毒培植以確定天花病毒的存在，聚合酶鏈式反應及限制性片段長度多態性測試可提供更多病毒的細節。接種天花疫苗為預防此病的最佳

病毒概論

Buddingh, G.J. The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Science. 1931, 74 (1919): 371–372. Bibcode:1931Sci

病毒

Buddingh GJ. The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Science. 1931, 74: 371–372. PMID 17810781. （英文）Rosen

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天花

病毒概論

Buddingh, G.J. The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Science. 1931, 74 (1919): 371–372. Bibcode:1931Sci

病毒

Buddingh GJ. The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Science. 1931, 74: 371–372. PMID 17810781. （英文）Rosen