Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Verlyn Flieger and CarlF. Hostetter (eds.). Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth(英语:Tolkien's
"Parma Eldalamberon XI", edited by Christopher Gilson, Bill Welden, CarlF. Hostetter, and Patrick Wynne, 7-16. The Tolkien Trust, 1995. J. R. R. Tolkien
长的岁月里,各地的矮人的语言保持了“惊人”的一致,矮人部落之間能用以溝通。另一方面,矮人还使用手语,矮人称之为iglishmêk。 Hostetter, CarlF. Languages Invented by Tolkien. Drout, Michael D. C. (编). J.R.R. Tolkien