536年的夏季溫度在歐洲下降了高達2.5°C(4.5°F)的正常值。536年火山冬季的持續影響在539-540年進一步增強,當時另一次火山爆發導致夏季溫度在歐洲下降了高達2.7°C(4.9°F)的正常值。[2]還有證據表明,在547年發生了另一次火山爆發,進一步延長涼爽的時期。這些火山爆發導致作物歉收,並伴隨著查士丁尼大瘟疫、饑荒和數百萬人的死亡,開啟了晚古代小冰河時期(英語:Late Antique Little Ice Age),持續了從536年到560年。[3]
研究中世紀的學者麥可·麥考米克(Michael McCormick)寫道,西元536年是「對在世者來說最難生存的一年(the worst year to be alive)[…] 即使不是最糟糕的一年,也是最糟糕的時期之一的開始」。[4]
Abbott, D. H.; Biscaye, P.; Cole-Dai, J.; Breger, D. Magnetite and Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008 41: 41B–1454. December 2008. Bibcode:2008AGUFMPP41B1454A. Abstract #PP41B-1454.
Procopius. Procopius. 2: History of the [Vandalic] Wars, Books III and IV. 由Dewing, Henry Bronson翻譯. London, England: William Heinemann. 1916: 329 [2024-04-18]. ISBN 978-0-674-99054-8. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-11) (en-uk). 引文格式1維護:未識別語文類型 (link)
Cassiodorus. The Letters of Cassiodorus. 由Hodgkin, Thomas翻譯. London, England: Henry Frowde. 1886: 518–520 [2024-04-18]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-11) (en-uk). 引文格式1維護:未識別語文類型 (link) See: "25. Senator, Praetorian Praefect, to his deputy Ambrosius, an Illustris."
Rosen, William. Justinian's flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe. London, England: Jonathan Cape. 2007. ISBN 978-0-224-07369-1(en-uk). 引文格式1維護:未識別語文類型 (link)
Dull, R.; Southon, J. R.; Kutterolf, S.; Freundt, A.; Wahl, D.; Sheets, P. Did the TBJ Ilopango eruption cause the AD 536 event?. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 13–17 December 2010, 13: V13C–2370. Bibcode:2010AGUFM.V13C2370D.
Loveluck, Christopher P.; McCormick, Michael; Spaulding, Nicole E.; Clifford, Heather; Handley, Michael J.; Hartman, Laura; Hoffmann, Helene; Korotkikh, Elena V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; More, Alexander F.; Sneed, Sharon B.; Mayewski, Paul A. Alpine ice-core evidence for the transformation of the European monetary system, AD 640–670. Antiquity. 2018-11-14, 92 (366): 1571–1585. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 165543389. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.110(英語).
Ström, Folke: Nordisk Hedendom, Studentlitteratur, Lund 2005, ISBN91-44-00551-2 (first published 1961) among others, refer to the climate change theory.
Gunn, Joel D. The Years Without Summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its Aftermath. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. 2000. ISBN 978-1-84171-074-7.
Arjava, Antti. The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean Sources. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 59. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 2006: 73–94 (美國英語).
Axboe, Morten. Amulet Pendants and a Darkened Sun. Bente Magnus (編). Roman Gold and the Development of the Early Germanic Kingdoms: Aspects of Technical, Socio-political, Socio-economic, Artistic and Intellectual Development, A.D. 1–500. Almquiest & Wiksell Intl. 2001: 51. ISBN 978-91-7402-310-7.
Gunn, Joel. The Years Without Summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its Aftermath. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. 2000. ISBN 978-1-84171-074-7.
Rosen, William. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe. London, England: Jonathan Cape. 2007. ISBN 978-0-224-07369-1(en-uk). 引文格式1維護:未識別語文類型 (link)