香菜大屠殺

香菜大屠殺
香菜大屠殺
位置	多明尼加
日期	1937年10月2日 –1937年10月8日
目標	多明尼加的海地人
類型	屠殺、種族滅絕
武器	開山刀、刺刀、克拉格步槍（英語：Krag-Jørgensen）
死亡	12,168人至35,000人
主謀	多明尼加軍隊
動機	反海地情緒

香菜大屠殺（西班牙語：Masacre del Perejil），1937年10月發生於多明尼加、針對邊境地區海地人的種族滅絕事件，多明尼加稱呼此次屠殺事件為大斬殺（西班牙語：El Corte）^[11]，海地人則稱之為持刀傷人（海地克里奧爾語：Kout kouto-a^[12]）。多明尼加共和國總統拉斐爾·特魯希略為反海地者，他認為海地人在種族、文化上較為低等，遷移至多明尼加的海地人可能對多明尼加的經濟與社會造成危害^[13]，因而下令全國軍隊對居住在邊界的海地人民展開屠殺行動^[14]^:161，在五天內造成超過20,000名海地人死亡^[15]^[16]，甚至有紀錄兒童被拋上空中再被刺刀刺穿^[17]，幾乎所有邊界地帶的海地人都被殺害或逃出多明尼加^[14]^:630。

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香菜大屠殺的名稱由來是因為多明尼加軍隊為了區分使用西班牙語的多明尼加人，與使用法語的海地人，而採用的一個口令。多明尼克軍人手上會拿著一把香芹（西班牙語：Perejil），如果對方不能以西班牙語清楚的發音說出Perejil，就會被認定是海地人而加以殺害。使用法語與海地克里奧爾語的人，在發r音時，採用濁小舌擦音，因此很難清楚發出西班牙語r的齒齦閃音與齒齦顫音。後來英文媒體也常使用香菜大屠殺（英語：Parsley Massacre）一詞，但多數學者認為此說法為虛構，並無生還者提到屠殺中有使用香芹的情形^[18]。在多明尼加共和國中，稱呼這次屠殺為大斬殺（西班牙語：El Corte），因為許多多明尼加軍隊是以大砍刀來殺害海地人，較少使用槍枝。

事後特魯希略加緊開發邊境地區^[14]^:623，並限制每年海地移民的配額，並仍持續迫害、遣返海地移民^[19]。最後美國總統富蘭克林·羅斯福與海地總統斯泰尼奧·樊尚要求多明尼加支付75萬美元賠款，多明尼加支付了52萬5000美元（約當於2023年的11127083.33美元），但多數為海地腐敗的官僚系統所獲，生還者每人僅得到2美分的賠償(是向海地政府賠償不是受害人家屬賠償)^[20]。

反海地主義（Antihaitianismo）
關東大地震當時的報紙聲稱日本朝鮮族參與犯罪，警方通過詞彙發音的不同試圖區分朝鮮人和日本人。
示播列

[1]
Turtis, Richard Lee. A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic. Hispanic American Historical Review. August 2002, 82 (3): 589–635 [2020-06-26]. doi:10.1215/00182168-82-3-589. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-13）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
[2]
Paulino, Edward. Bearing Witness to Genocide: The 1937 Haitian Massacre and Border of Lights. Afro-Hispanic Review. Fall 2013, 32 (2): 111–118. JSTOR 24585148.
[3]
Garcia, Juan Manuel. La matanza de los haitianos: genocidio de Trujillo, 1937. Editorial Alfa & Omega. 1983: 59, 69–71.
[4]
Roorda, Eric Paul. Genocide Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy, the Trujillo Regime, and the Haitian Massacre of 1937. Diplomatic History. July 1996, 20 (3): 301–319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x.
[5]
Karczewska, Anna Maria. Reconstructing and (De)constructing Borderlands: The Parsley Massacre: Genocide on the Borderlands of Hispaniola in the Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat. : 149–165.
[6]
Pena, Julissa. "Yo soy negro, pero negro blanco:" Hispanicity, Antihaitianism and Genocide in the Dominican Republic. Wesleyan University. [2020-06-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-07）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
[7]
Wucker, Michele. Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola. 2014-04-08 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9781466867888. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-03）.
[8]
Newman, Graeme R. Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. 2010-10-19 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9780313351341. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-19）.
[9]
Tunzelmann, Alex von. Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. 2012-09-13 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9781471114779. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-19）.
[10]
Charlot, Marjorie. Did You Know?: Over One Hundred Facts about Haiti and Her Children. 2015-11-19. ISBN 9781491776896.
[11]
Wucker, Michele. The River Massacre: The Real and Imagined Borders of Hispaniola. Windows on Haiti. [2007-12-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-28）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
[12]
Lauro Capdevila, La dictature de Trujillo : République dominicaine, 1930–1961, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998
[13]
Law, I.; Tate, S. Caribbean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Caribbean Region. Springer. 2015-05-19 [2020-10-02]. ISBN 9781137287281. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-03）.
[14]
Turits, Richard Lee. Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History. Stanford University Press. 2004.
[15]
pg 78 – Robert Pack (editor), Jay Parini (Editor). Introspections. PUB. : 2222.
On 2 October 1937, Trujillo had ordered 10,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the "R" in perejil the Spanish word for parsley.
[16]
Cambeira, Alan. Quisqueya la bella 1996. M.E. Sharpe. 1997: 182. ISBN 1-56324-936-7.
anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.
[17]
Paulino, Edward. Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961. 2016-02-16. ISBN 9780822981039.
[18]
Hispaniola: Trujillo's Voudou Legacy. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-25）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
[19]
Roorda, Eric Paul. The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930–1945. Durham: Duke University Press. 1998: 132. ISBN 082232234X.
[20]
p.41 – Bell, Madison Smartt. A Hidden Haitian World. New York Review of Books. 2008-07-17, 55 (12).

[1] [1]
Turtis, Richard Lee. A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic. Hispanic American Historical Review. August 2002, 82 (3): 589–635 [2020-06-26]. doi:10.1215/00182168-82-3-589. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-13）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[2] [2]
Paulino, Edward. Bearing Witness to Genocide: The 1937 Haitian Massacre and Border of Lights. Afro-Hispanic Review. Fall 2013, 32 (2): 111–118. JSTOR 24585148.

[3] [3]
Garcia, Juan Manuel. La matanza de los haitianos: genocidio de Trujillo, 1937. Editorial Alfa & Omega. 1983: 59, 69–71.

[4] [4]
Roorda, Eric Paul. Genocide Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy, the Trujillo Regime, and the Haitian Massacre of 1937. Diplomatic History. July 1996, 20 (3): 301–319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x.

[5] [5]
Karczewska, Anna Maria. Reconstructing and (De)constructing Borderlands: The Parsley Massacre: Genocide on the Borderlands of Hispaniola in the Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat. : 149–165.

[6] [6]
Pena, Julissa. "Yo soy negro, pero negro blanco:" Hispanicity, Antihaitianism and Genocide in the Dominican Republic. Wesleyan University. [2020-06-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-07）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[Wucker-7] [7]
Wucker, Michele. Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola. 2014-04-08 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9781466867888. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-03）.

[8] [8]
Newman, Graeme R. Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. 2010-10-19 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9780313351341. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-19）.

[9] [9]
Tunzelmann, Alex von. Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. 2012-09-13 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9781471114779. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-19）.

[10] [10]
Charlot, Marjorie. Did You Know?: Over One Hundred Facts about Haiti and Her Children. 2015-11-19. ISBN 9781491776896.

[windows-11] [11]
Wucker, Michele. The River Massacre: The Real and Imagined Borders of Hispaniola. Windows on Haiti. [2007-12-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-28）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[12] [12]
Lauro Capdevila, La dictature de Trujillo : République dominicaine, 1930–1961, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998

[13] [13]
Law, I.; Tate, S. Caribbean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Caribbean Region. Springer. 2015-05-19 [2020-10-02]. ISBN 9781137287281. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-03）.

[Turits-14] [14]
Turits, Richard Lee. Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History. Stanford University Press. 2004.

[Introspections-15] [15]
pg 78 – Robert Pack (editor), Jay Parini (Editor). Introspections. PUB. : 2222.
On 2 October 1937, Trujillo had ordered 10,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the "R" in perejil the Spanish word for parsley.

[Alan_Cambeira-16] [16]
Cambeira, Alan. Quisqueya la bella 1996. M.E. Sharpe. 1997: 182. ISBN 1-56324-936-7.
anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.

[17] [17]
Paulino, Edward. Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961. 2016-02-16. ISBN 9780822981039.

[18] [18]
Hispaniola: Trujillo's Voudou Legacy. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-25）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[19] [19]
Roorda, Eric Paul. The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930–1945. Durham: Duke University Press. 1998: 132. ISBN 082232234X.

[Madison_Smartt_Bell-20] [20]
p.41 – Bell, Madison Smartt. A Hidden Haitian World. New York Review of Books. 2008-07-17, 55 (12).

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[17]

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