道德心理學

道德心理學（英語：Moral psychology）是哲學和心理學的一個交叉研究領域。歷史上，狹義的「道德心理學」指的是對道德發展（英語：Moral development）的研究。^[1][2]如今的道德心理學更加廣泛地包括倫理學、心理學和心靈哲學等學科。^[3][4][5]道德心理學的一些主要主題是道德判斷、道德推理（英語：Moral reasoning）、道德感知、道德責任、道德動機、道德認同、道德行動、道德發展、道德多樣性、道德品質（英語：Moral character）（尤其是美德倫理等）、利他主義、心理利己主義、道德運氣、道德預測、道德情感、情感預測（英語：Affective forecasting）和道德分歧等。^[6][7]

研究方法

電車難題，心理學研究中常用的道德困境

哲學家、心理學家和其他領域的學者創造了各種研究道德心理學的方法；其中的實證研究至少可以追溯到1890年代。^[8]這些研究中使用的方法包括：提出道德困境、例如電車難題^[9][10]；開展結構化的訪談和調查；進行經濟遊戲；^[11]使用神經影像學，^[12]以及探究自然語言的使用。^[13]

參考資料

1. Haidt, Jonathan; Kesebir, Selin. Fiske, S; Gilbert, D; Lindzey, G , 編. Morality (PDF) 5. Hoboken NJ: Wiley. 2010: 797–832 [2023-07-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-03-29）.
2. Lapsley, Daniel K. Moral Psychology. Developmental psychology series. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8133-3032-7. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
3. Doris, John; Stich, Stephen, Zalta, Edward N. , 編, Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University), 2008 [2023-07-14], （原始內容存檔於2019-11-07）
4. Wallace, R. Jay. https://books.google.com/books?id=H4sIErz7KUcC&pg=PA86 |chapterurl=缺少標題 (幫助). Jackson, Frank (編). Moral Psychology. OUP Oxford. November 29, 2007: 86–113. ISBN 978-0-19-923476-9. Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions
5. Ellemers, Naomi; van der Toorn, Jojanneke; Paunov, Yavor; van Leeuwen, Thed. The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published From 1940 Through 2017. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 18 January 2019, 23 (4): 332–366. ISSN 1088-8683. PMC 6791030 . PMID 30658545. doi:10.1177/1088868318811759 （英語）.
6. Doris & Stich 2008，§1.
7. Teper, R.; Inzlicht, M.; Page-Gould, E. Are we more moral than we think?: Exploring the role of affect in moral behavior and moral forecasting. Psychological Science. 2011, 22 (4): 553–558. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1033.5192 . PMID 21415242. S2CID 206585532. doi:10.1177/0956797611402513.
8. Wendorf, Craig A. History of American morality research, 1894–1932. History of Psychology. 2001, 4 (3): 272–288 [2023-07-14]. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.4.3.272. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-10）.
9. Sharp, Frank Chapman. An Objective Study of Some Moral Judgments. The American Journal of Psychology. January 1898, 9 (2): 198–234. JSTOR 1411759. doi:10.2307/1411759.
10. Greene, J. D.; Sommerville, R Brian; Nystrom, Leigh E; Darley, John M.; Cohen, Jonathan D. An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment. Science. 14 September 2001, 293 (5537): 2105–2108. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.2105G. PMID 11557895. S2CID 1437941. doi:10.1126/science.1062872.
11. Story, Giles W.; Vlaev, Ivo; Metcalfe, Robert D.; Crockett, Molly J.; Kurth-Nelson, Zeb; Darzi, Ara; Dolan, Raymond J. Social redistribution of pain and money. Scientific Reports. 30 October 2015, 5 (1): 15389. Bibcode:2015NatSR...515389S. PMC 4626774 . PMID 26515529. doi:10.1038/srep15389.
12. Moll, Jorge; de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo; Eslinger, Paul J.; Bramati, Ivanei E.; Mourão-Miranda, Janaı́na; Andreiuolo, Pedro Angelo; Pessoa, Luiz. The Neural Correlates of Moral Sensitivity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Basic and Moral Emotions. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1 April 2002, 22 (7): 2730–2736. PMC 6758288 . PMID 11923438. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02730.2002.
13. Sagi, Eyal; Dehghani, Morteza. Measuring Moral Rhetoric in Text. Social Science Computer Review. 31 October 2013, 32 (2): 132–144. S2CID 62259852. doi:10.1177/0894439313506837.