邁克爾·希爾弗斯坦（英語：Michael Silverstein，1945年9月12日—2020年7月17日[2]）是美國語言學和人類學家。他曾經是芝加哥大學人類學、語言學和心理學查爾斯·F·格里傑出教授[3]。他整個職業生涯的工作對語言人類學、交流符號學、互動社會學、語用學、社會語言學、和語法理論均有原創性貢獻。他將實用主義哲學家查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士的符號學理論引入語言人類學，並且創造「元語用學」（metapragmatics）和「語言意識形態」（language ideology）等概念，是1980年代以後語言人類學範式的最重要奠基人[4][5]。
學術生涯
希爾弗斯坦在哈佛大學獲得本科學位和博士學位。語言學家、符號學家和文學評論家羅曼·雅各布森是他的最重要的導師之一[1]。希爾弗斯坦在哈佛也師從邏輯學家和哲學家威拉德·奎因 和語言學家諾姆·喬姆斯基。1982 年，他在麥克阿瑟獎設立的第二年獲得該獎，並且是當年最年輕的獲獎者（同一年的獲獎者包括弦論物理學家愛德華·威騰和後來獲得2004年諾貝爾物理學獎的弗蘭克·維爾切克）[6]。 基於語言學家班傑明·李·沃夫和哲學家查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士的工作，希爾弗斯坦開創了「元語言學」和「語言意識形態」兩個重要概念，並把它們發展成為連接語言結構與社會和文化結構之間的理論橋梁。他的工作引發了人類學、語言學和社會語言學中一系列理論範式的轉變，並且重新引發了學界對「語言相對論」的興趣。他的理論也提供了對喬姆斯基語言觀的新的批判 [7]。希爾弗斯坦的理論還促進了語言人類學和社會語言學中對社會語言、政治語言、語言政策、語言教育等方向的研究。他職業生涯的早期研究還涉及對澳大利亞和美洲土著語言的田野調查和語言學分析。
主要著作
- 1976a. "Hierarchy of features and ergativity （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）." In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages （R.M.W. Dixon, ed.）, 112–171.
- 1976b. "Shifters, linguistic categories and cultural description."
- 1977. "Cultural prerequisites to grammatical analysis." In Linguistics and Anthropology （M. Saville-Troike, ed.）, 139-51. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
- 1979. "Language structure and linguistic ideology." In The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels （R. Cline, W. Hanks, and C. Hofbauer, eds.）, 193-247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
- 1981. "Case marking and the nature of language." Australian Journal of Linguistics, 227-244.
- 1985a. "Language and the culture of gender: at the intersection of structure, usage, and ideology." In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives （E. Mertz and R. Parmentier, eds.）, 219-259. Orlando: Academic Press.
- 1985b. "The functional stratification of language and ontogenesis."
- 1987a. "The three faces of function: preliminaries to a psychology of language."
- 1987b. "Cognitive implications of a referential hierarchy."
- 1987c. "Monoglot 'Standard' in America: standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony."
- 1992. "The indeterminacy of contextualization: when is enough enough?" In The Contextualization of Language （Auer, Peter & Aldo Di Luzio, eds.）, 55-76.
- 1992. "Of nominatives and datives: universal grammar from the bottom up."
- 1993. "Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function." In Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics （J. Lucy, ed.）, 33-58.
- 1996. Natural Histories of Discourse （editor, with Greg Urban）. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-8223-3474-7.
- Includes chapter, "The Secret Life of Texts," 81-105.
- 1997a. "Encountering languages and languages of encounter in North American ethnohistory."
- 1997b. "The Improvisational Performance of Culture in Realtime Discursive Practice". In Creativity in Performance （R. K. Sawyer, ed.）. Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corp., 265-312.
- 1998. "Contemporary transformations of local linguistic communities." Annual Review of Anthropology.
- 2000. "Whorfianism and the linguistic imagination of nationality." In Regimes of Language.
- 2003a. "Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life."
- 2003b. "The Whens and Wheres—as well as Hows—of Ethnolinguistic Recognition."
- 2003c. Talking Politics: The substance of style from Abe to "W". Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. ISBN 0-9717575-5-0.
- 2004a. "'Cultural' Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Current Anthropology 45（5）, 621-652.
- 2004b. "Boasian cosmographic anthropology and the sociocentric component of mind." In Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology" （Richard Handler, ed.）, 131-157.
- 2005a. "Axes of Evals: Token versus Type Interdiscursivity." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15.1:6-22.
- 2005b. "Languages/Cultures are Dead! Long Live the Linguistic-Cultural!" In D. Segal & S. Yanagisako, eds., Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press, 99-125. ISBN 0-8223-3474-7.
- 2005c. "The Poetics of Politics: 'Theirs' and 'Ours'."
- 2006a. "How we look from where we stand" （review article）.
- 2006b. "Old wine, new ethnographic lexicography." Annual Review of Anthropology.
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