在理論物理學裏,貝爾定理(Bell's theorem)表明
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任何關於定域隱變數的物理理論無法複製量子力學的每一個預測。
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貝爾定理是一種不可行定理,又知名為貝爾不等式。這定理在物理學和科學哲學裏異常重要,因為這定理意味著量子物理必需違背定域性原理或反事實確定性[1]
[2]。發表於1964年,貝爾定理是因北愛爾蘭物理學家約翰·貝爾而命名。
貝爾定理的實驗驗證所得到的結果,符合量子力學理論的預測,並且顯示某些量子效應似乎能夠以超光速行進。由於這驗證結果,所有歸類為隱變數理論、經得起考驗的量子理論都只能限制為非定域種類。2015年,台夫特理工大學的羅納德·漢森等人在《自然》的封面文章表示,成功關閉所有漏洞,目前量子理論比定域性隱變量理論更準確地描述量子纏結現象。[3]
- 貝爾實驗的預測(Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction)
- CHSH不等式(CHSH inequality)
- GHZ實驗(GHZ experiment)
- 萊格特不等式(Leggett inequality)
- 萊格特-皋格不等式(Leggett-Garg inequality)
- 莫特問題
- 任寧格負結果實驗
- 量子不確定性
- 量子力學
- 量子形上學
- 量子神祕主義(Quantum mysticism)
- 關係性量子力學
- 任寧格實驗
- 超決定論
Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: Second Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 1998. p. 423-428.
Bell, John. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1 3, 195-200, Nov. 1964
Bohm, David Quantum Theory. Prentice-Hall, 1951.
Merzbacher, Eugene Quantum Mechanics: Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005. p. 18, 362.
Buchanan, Mark, Quantum untanglement: is spookiness under threat? New Scientist, 2 Nov 2007. 存档副本. [2011-06-19]. (原始內容存檔於2011-09-30).; See also arXiv:1103.1879
Caroline H. Thompson The Chaotic Ball: An Intuitive Analogy for EPR Experiments Found.Phys.Lett. 9 (1996) 357-382 arXiv:quant-ph/9611037
- A. Aspect et al., Experimental Tests of Realistic Local Theories via Bell's Theorem, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 460 (1981)
- A. Aspect et al., Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: A New Violation of Bell's Inequalities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 91 (1982).
- A. Aspect et al., Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time-Varying Analyzers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982).
- A. Aspect and P. Grangier, About resonant scattering and other hypothetical effects in the Orsay atomic-cascade experiment tests of Bell inequalities: a discussion and some new experimental data, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 43, 345 (1985)
- B. D'Espagnat, The Quantum Theory and Reality(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Scientific American, 241, 158 (1979)
- J. S. Bell, On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 38, 447 (1966)
- J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, 3, 195-200 (1964)
- J. S. Bell, Introduction to the hidden variable question, Proceedings of the International School of Physics 'Enrico Fermi', Course IL, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1971) 171–81
- J. S. Bell, Bertlmann’s socks and the nature of reality, Journal de Physique, Colloque C2, suppl. au numero 3, Tome 42 (1981) pp C2 41–61
- J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press 1987) [A collection of Bell's papers, including all of the above.]
- J. F. Clauser and A. Shimony, Bell's theorem: experimental tests and implications, Reports on Progress in Physics 41, 1881 (1978)
- J. F. Clauser and M. A. Horne, Phys. Rev D 10, 526–535 (1974)
- E. S. Fry, T. Walther and S. Li, Proposal for a loophole-free test of the Bell inequalities, Phys. Rev. A 52, 4381 (1995)
- E. S. Fry, and T. Walther, Atom based tests of the Bell Inequalities — the legacy of John Bell continues, pp 103–117 of Quantum [Un]speakables, R.A. Bertlmann and A. Zeilinger (eds.) (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 2002)
- R. B. Griffiths, Consistent Quantum Theory', Cambridge University Press (2002).
- L. Hardy, Nonlocality for 2 particles without inequalities for almost all entangled states. Physical Review Letters 71 (11) 1665–1668 (1993)
- M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press (2000)
- P. Pearle, Hidden-Variable Example Based upon Data Rejection, Physical Review D 2, 1418–25 (1970)
- A. Peres, Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.
- P. Pluch, Theory of Quantum Probability, PhD Thesis, University of Klagenfurt, 2006.
- B. C. van Frassen, Quantum Mechanics, Clarendon Press, 1991.
- M.A. Rowe, D. Kielpinski, V. Meyer, C.A. Sackett, W.M. Itano, C. Monroe, and D.J. Wineland, Experimental violation of Bell's inequalities with efficient detection,(Nature, 409, 791–794, 2001).
- S. Sulcs, The Nature of Light and Twentieth Century Experimental Physics, Foundations of Science 8, 365–391 (2003)
- S. Gröblacher et al., An experimental test of non-local realism,(Nature, 446, 871–875, 2007).
- D. N. Matsukevich, P. Maunz, D. L. Moehring, S. Olmschenk, and C. Monroe, Bell Inequality Violation with Two Remote Atomic Qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 150404 (2008).
以下列出一些專門為一般讀者所撰寫、涉及貝爾定理的著作:
- Amir D. Aczel, Entanglement: The greatest mystery in physics (Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 2001).
- A. Afriat and F. Selleri, The Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen Paradox (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1999)
- J. Baggott, The Meaning of Quantum Theory (Oxford University Press, 1992)
- N. David Mermin, "Is the moon there when nobody looks? Reality and the quantum theory", in Physics Today, April 1985, pp. 38–47.
- Louisa Gilder, The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008)
- Nick Herbert, Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics (Anchor, 1987, ISBN 0-385-23569-0)
- D. Wick, The infamous boundary: seven decades of controversy in quantum physics (Birkhauser, Boston 1995)