我們的事業(義大利語:Cosa Nostra,發音:[ˈkɔza ˈnɔstra];音譯科薩諾斯特拉),通常稱為西西里黑手黨(Mafia Siciliana),可簡稱作黑手黨(Mafia),是以義大利西西里島為基地,帶有恐怖主義特色的黑手黨類型的[3]有組織犯罪集團。隨著移民潮,黑手黨蔓延到如美國與加拿大等國家。
Quick Facts 創建地點, 活躍年代 ...
Close
西西里黑手黨是由有鬆散聯繫的多個犯罪集團組成,它們有共同的組織架構以及行為守則。基礎的團體被稱為「家族」、「部落」或「cosca」(義大利語,意思為「氏族」)。[4]每個「家族」都會對領土宣稱主權,範圍通常是一個城鎮、一個村莊,或一個大城市中的一個近鄰社區(義大利語:borgata),它們會在「領土」內進行違法的賺取金錢的行為。黑手黨的成員會稱自己作"made men"(美語,直譯作「修成者」)、「uomo d'onore」(意語,字面解「榮耀者」)、「omu d'onuri」(西西里語,意思是「榮耀者」)或「uomo di rispetto」(意語,字面上等於「尊崇者」),但公眾人士一般稱他們為「義大利語:mafiosi」(可譯成「黑手黨成員」)。西西里黑手黨的主要活動是收取保護費、進行犯罪者之間的仲裁,以及組織和監管一些非法協議和交易。[5][6]
以西西里傳統入幫儀式而言,黑手黨新進嘍囉要入會之前,首先跪在首領之前,首領取一張聖人的聖像,通常是首領或新進嘍囉的主保聖人,或者聖母像。置於嘍囉一隻手之手心,首領取一把匕首(或任何小刀,甚至水果刀或瑞士刀),劃開嘍囉另一隻手的手指,讓血滴在聖像之上。然後要嘍囉雙手併攏,以掌心捧著聖像。首領問:「你願意在聖人面前以血發誓,永遠遵守幫規,不出賣家族麼?」嘍囉答:「我發誓。」然後首領即點火燃燒那張掌心捧著的染血聖像,說;「聖人見証,你若背叛,就如同這張聖像,在陽世間被炮烙,或者在地獄裏受火刑」。將燒至手時,嘍囉將聖像放在地板上,低頭合掌向聖像禮拜。首領會走過來擁抱嘍囉,說:「聖人賜福予你,我的兄弟(我的孩子)」。[7][自述來源]。
Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline and Resurrection of America's Most power Mafia Empire 1at. Thomas Dunne Books. May 13, 2014: 13. ISBN 978-0312361815.
- Alcorn, John (2004). Revolutionary Mafiosi: Voice and Exit in the 1890s(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), in: Paolo Viola & Titti Morello (eds.), L』associazionismo a Corleone: Un』inchiesta storica e sociologica (Istituto Gramsci Siciliano, Palermo, 2004)
- Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-285197-7
- Arlacchi, Pino. Men of Dishonor: Inside the Sicilian Mafia. Morrow. 1993. ISBN 0-688-04574-X.
- (義大利文) Arlacchi, Pino (1994). Addio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta, Milan: Rizzoli ISBN 88-17-84299-0
- Chubb, Judith (1989). The Mafia and Politics, Cornell Studies in International Affairs, Occasional Papers No. 23.
- Dickie, John. Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia. Hodder. 2007. ISBN 978-0-340-93526-2.
- Duggan, Christopher (1989). Fascism and the Mafia, New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-04372-4
- Duggan, Christopher (2008). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-618-35367-4
- Fijnaut, Cyrille & Letizia Paoli (2004), Organised crime in Europe: concepts, patterns, and control policies in the European Union and beyond (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Springer, ISBN 1-4020-2615-3
- Gambetta, Diego. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Princeton University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-674-80742-1.
- Gambetta, Diego. Codes of the Underworld. Princeton University Press. 2009 [2018-07-13]. ISBN 9780691119373. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-12).
- Hess, Henner (1998). Mafia & Mafiosi: Origin, Power, and Myth (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), London: Hurst & Co Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-500-6
- Lupo, Salvatore. The History of the Mafia. New York: Columbia University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-231-13134-6.
- McCarthy, Dennis. An Economic History of Organized Crime (PDF). Routledge. 2011 [2018-07-13]. ISBN 0-203-81425-8. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-04-03).
- Mosca, Gaetano (2014). "What is Mafia." M&J, 2014. Translation of the book "Cosa è la Mafia," Giornale degli Economisti, Luglio 1901, pp. 236–62. ISBN 979-11-85666-00-6
- Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-515724-9.
- Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-86105-952-9.
- Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-23609-2
- Seindal, René (1998). Mafia: money and politics in Sicily, 1950-1997(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 87-7289-455-5
- Servadio, Gaia (1976), Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2
- Bandiera, Oriana (2002). Land Reform, the Market for Protection and the Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Apr., 2003), pp. 218–244.